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A Say..
=
t
a1 cos t b1 sin t
+ +
+ + + …
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
2
where Fundementa l frequency
T
T
2
a0 f (t )dt
T0
T T
2 2
an f (t ) cos ntdt bn f (t ) sin ntdt
T0 T0
T /2
T=2
1, 0 t 1
f (t ) f (t 2) f (t )
0, 1 t 2
Then, obtain the coefficients a0, an and bn:
T 2 1 2
2 2
a0 f (t )dt f (t )dt 1dt 0dt 1 0 1
T0 20 0 1
2
2
an f (t ) cos ntdt
T 0
sin nt sin n
1 2 1
Therefore, an 0.
2
2
bn f (t ) sin ntdt
T 0
cos nt 1 cos n
1 2 1
For n integers,
sin n 0 cos n (1) n
sin 2n 0 cos 2n 1
[Supplementary]
The sum of the Fourier series terms can
evolve (progress) into the original
waveform
From last Example , we obtain
1 2 2 2
f (t ) sin t sin 3t sin 5t
2 3 5
2 2 2
sin t sin t sin 3t
3
(c) (d)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
sin t sin 3t sin 5t sin t sin 3t sin 5t sin 7t
3 5 3 5 7
(e)
2 2 2 2 2
sin t sin 3t sin 5t sin 7t sin 9t
3 5 7 9
(f)
1 2 2 2
sin t sin 3t sin 23t
2 3 23
Example 2
Given f (t ) t , 1 t 1
f (t 2) f (t )
T=2
2
We find that
T
Then we compute the coefficients:
1
2
a0 f (t )dt
T 1
1
2
1
t 2
11
tdt 0
2 1 2 1 2
1 1
2
an f (t ) cos ntdt t cos ntdt
T 1 1
2 2
n n 1
cos n cos( n )
0
n 2 2
cos n cos n cos( x) cos x
0 since
n 2 2
1 1
2
bn f (t ) sin ntdt t sin ntdt
T 1 1
2 2
n n 1
2 cos n sin n sin( n )
n n 2 2
2 cos n 2(1) n 2(1) n 1
n n n
Finally,
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
2(1) n 1
sin nt
n 1 n
2 2 2
sin t sin 2t sin 3t ♣
2 3
Example 3
2 t , 0 t 2
Given v(t )
0 , 2t 4
v(t 4) v(t )
t
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
T=4
2
We find that
T 2
Then we compute the coefficients:
4
2
a0 v(t )dt
T 0
2 2 4
(2 t )dt 0dt
4 0 2
2
1 t
2 2
1
(2 t )dt 2t 1
20 2 2 0
4 2 4
2 1
an v(t ) cos ntdt (2 t ) cos ntdt 0
T 0 20 2
0 2 2
2 n 0
1 cos 2n 2(1 cos n ) 2[1 (1) n ]
2n
2 2
n2 2
n 2 2
4 2 4
2 1
bn v(t ) sin ntdt (2 t ) sin ntdt 0
T 0 20 2
2 2
n 2 n 0
1 sin 2n 1 2
n 2n 2 2
n n
a0
v(t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
1 2[1 (1) n ] nt 2 nt
cos sin ♣
2 n 1 n
2 2
2 n 2
Symmetry Considerations
Symmetry functions:
(i) even symmetry
(ii) odd symmetry
Even symmetry
Any function f (t) is even if its plot is
symmetrical about the vertical axis, i.e.
f (t ) f (t )
Even symmetry (cont.)
The examples of even functions are:
f (t ) t 2 f (t ) | t |
t t
f (t ) cos t
t
Even symmetry (cont.)
The integral of an even function from −A to
+A is twice the integral from 0 to +A
f even (t )
A A
t f
A
even (t )dt 2 f even (t )dt
0
−A +A
t t
f (t ) sin t
t
Odd symmetry (cont.)
The integral of an odd function from −A to
+A is zero
f odd (t )
A
−A +A
t f
A
odd (t )dt 0
Even and odd functions
The product properties of even and odd
functions are:
(even) × (even) = (even)
(odd) × (odd) = (even)
(even) × (odd) = (odd)
(odd) × (even) = (odd)
Symmetry consideration
From the properties of even and odd
functions, we can show that:
for even periodic function;
T /2
4
an
T f (t ) cos ntdt
0
bn 0
t
T T
2 2
T /2 T /2 T /2
2 4 2
an
T T / 2
f (t ) cos ntdt
T f (t ) cos ntdt bn
T T / 2
f (t ) sin ntdt 0
0
|| ||
(even) (odd)
How?? [Odd function]
f (t )
t
T T
2 2
T /2
2
a0 f (t )dt 0
T /2 T /2
2 4
T T / 2 bn
T T / 2
f (t ) sin ntdt
T f (t ) sin ntdt
0
(odd)
T /2 (odd) × (odd)
2
an
T T / 2
f (t ) cos ntdt 0
||
(even)
(odd) × (even)
||
(odd)
Example 4
1 , 2 t 1
Given f (t ) t , 1 t 1
1 , 1 t 2
f (t 4) f (t )
1
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 t
−1
T=4
2
We find that
T 2
Then we compute the coefficients. Since f (t) is
an odd function, then
2
2
a0 f (t )dt 0
T 2
and
2
2
an f (t ) cos ntdt 0
T 2
2 2
2 4
bn f (t ) sin ntdt f (t ) sin ntdt
T 2 T 0
4 1 2
t sin ntdt 1sin ntdt
4 0 1
t cos nt cos nt cos nt
1 1 2
dt
n 0 0 n n 1
cos n sin nt cos 2n cos n
1
2 2
n n 0 n
cos 2n sin n 2 cos n
2 2
n n n
since sin 2n sin n 0
Finally,
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
2 cos n nt
sin
n 1 n 2
(1) n 1 nt
2 sin ♣
n 1 n 2
Exercise: Solve
Compute the Fourier series expansion of f (t).
Function defined over a finite interval
y=1 y=1
Therefore, any non-periodic function must be
extended to a periodic function first, before
computing its Fourier series representation
Normally, we prefer symmetry (even or odd)
periodic extension instead of normal periodic
extension, since symmetry function will provide
zero coefficient of either an or bn
This can provide a simpler Fourier series
expansion
Periodic extension f (t )
Non-periodic
function f (t ) y(t ) , 0 t l
y (t ) f (t l ) f (t )
t
T l 3l 2l l 0 l 2l 3l
T
1 1
t t
0 π −2π −π 0 π 2π
−1
T = 2π
2
1
T
Hence, the coefficients are
a0 an 0
and
T /2
4 4
bn
T
0
f (t ) sin ntdt
2 0
1sin ntdt
2 cos nt 2 4 / n , n odd
(1 cos n )
n 0 n 0 , n even
Therefore,
2 4
f (t ) (1 cos n ) sin nt sin nt ♣
n 1 n n 1 n
n odd
Example 7
Determine the half-range cosine series expansion
of the function
f (t ) 2t 1 , 0 t 1
Sketch the graphs of both f (t) and the periodic
function represented by the series expansion for
−3 < t < 3.
Solution
Since we want to seek the half-range cosine series,
the function to is extended to be an even function:
f (t) f (t)
1 1
2 2
1 1
t 3 1 1 3 t
1 2
1
T=2
2
T
Hence, the coefficients are
T /2 1
4 4
a0 f (t )dt (2t 1)dt 2 t t 0 0
2 1
T 0 20
T /2 1
4 4
an
T
0
f (t ) cos ntdt (2t 1) cos ntdt
20
(2t 1) sin nt sin nt
1 1
2 2 2dt
n 0 0
n
2 sin n cos nt
1
4 2 2
n n 0
4(cos n 1) 8 / n 2 2 , n odd
n
2 2
0 , n even
bn 0
Therefore,
f (t ) a0 an cos nt
n 1
8 8 1
0 2 2 cos nt 2 cos nt ♣
n 1 n n 1 n
2
n odd n odd
Parseval’s Theorem
Parserval’s theorem states that the
average power in a periodic signal is equal
to the sum of the average power in its DC
component and the average powers in its
harmonics
Pdc
f(t) Pavg a0
2
=
t
Pa1 Pb1
a1 cos t b1 sin t
+ +
Pa2 P b2 2t
a2 cos 2t b2 sin
+ + + …
For sinusoidal (cosine or sine) signal,
2
Vpeak
2 2
Vrms 2 V
1 peak
P
R R 2 R
1 2 1 2
Pavg a0 (an bn )
2
4 2 n 1
Exponential Fourier series
Recall that, from the Euler’s identity,
e jx cos x j sin x
yields
e e
jx jx
and e jx e jx
cos x sin x
2 j2
Then the Fourier series representation becomes
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
a0 e jnt e jnt e jnt e jnt
an bn
2 n 1 2 j2
a0 e jnt e jnt e jnt e jnt
an jbn
2 n 1 2 2
a0 an jbn jnt an jbn jnt
e e
2 n 1 2 2
a0 an jbn jnt an jbn jnt
e e
2 n 1 2 n 1 2
an jbn an jbn
Here, let we name cn , c n
2 2
a0
and c0 . Hence,
2
a0 an jbn jnt an jbn jnt
f (t ) e e
2 n 1 2 n 1 2
c0 cn c−n
c0 cn e jnt c n e jnt
n 1 n 1
c0 cn e jnt cn e jnt
n 1 n 1
1
n
c e jnt
n
c0 n
c e jnt
n 1
n
c e jnt
n
Then, the coefficient cn can be derived from
an jbn
cn
2
T T
12 j 2
2T 0 f (t ) cos ntdt
2T 0 f (t ) sin ntdt
1
T T
f (t ) cos ntdt j f (t ) sin ntdt
T 0 0
T
1
T f (t )[cos nt j sin nt ]dt
0
T
1
T
0
f (t )e jnt dt
In fact, in many cases, the complex
Fourier series is easier to obtain rather
than the trigonometrical Fourier series
In summary, the relationship between the
complex and trigonometrical Fourier series
are:
T T
1
a0 1
c0 f (t )dt cn f (t )e jnt dt
2 T0 T0
an jbn
cn
2
a jbn
c n n or cn cn
2
Example 8
Obtain the complex Fourier series of the following
function f (t )
e 2
1
t
4 2 0 2 4
Solution
Since T 2 , 1 . Hence
T
1
c0
T f (t )dt
0
2
1
e dt
t
2 0
2
1 t
2
e 2
0
e
2
1
T
1
cn
T
0
f (t )e jnt dt
2 2
1 1
e e e
t jnt (1 jn ) t
dt dt
2 0
2 0
2
1 e
(1 jn ) t
2 1 jn 0
e 2 (1 jn) 1 e 2 e j 2 n 1 e 2 1
2 (1 jn) 2 (1 jn) 2 (1 jn)
2
e 1
cn
2 1 n 2