AVANTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

& TECHNOLOGY
A TECHINICAL SEMINAR BASED ON THERMAL POWER PLANT

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(2014 – 2018)

SUBMITTED BY
V NAVEEN
(14Q61A0340)
ONCEPT OF POWER PLANT

er plant is assembly of systems to generate

electricity ie power with economy and
rements. It generates and delivers a flow of
chanical and electrical energy. It involves
ersion of energy forms like chemical energy,
eat energy into electrical energy in which
ical energy of fossil fuel, potential energy of
stored at a height is converted in stage wise
mechanical energy to obtain electricity by
ng relative motion b/w a magnetic field and a
uctor. Most power stations in the world burn
sil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas to
generate electricity.
 INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL POWERSTATION

A thermal power station is power station in which

heat energy is converted to electric power. In most of
the places in the world the turbine is steam-driven.
Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam
turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it
passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in
a condenser and recycled to where it was heated: this
is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in
the design of thermal power stations is due to the
different heat sources: fossil fuel dominates here,
although nuclear heat energy and solar heat energy
are also used. Some prefer to use the term energy
center because such facilities convert forms of heat
energy into electrical energy.
PROCESSES IN RANKINE CYCLE
Process 1-2 : Reversible adiabatic expansion
in the turbine (or steam engine).
Process 2-3 : Constant-pressure transfer of
heat of heat in the condenser.
Process 3-4 : Reversible adiabatic
pumping process in the feed pump.
Process 4-1 : Constant-pressure transfer of
heat in the boiler.
DIAGRAM SHOWING PROCESESS IN
RANKINE CYCLE
COMPONENTS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

1. BOILER:
Boiler is a device, used to produce steam by utilizing the
heat of combustion. It is a closed vessel, in which the heat
produced due to combustion of fuel is used to heat the incoming
water for producing steam at the required pressure and
temperature
2. Super Heater:
Super heaters are used to heat the saturated steam leaving
the boiler above saturation temperature with negligible pressure.
In this, the moisture present in the steam is totally removed. With
super heating, the cycle efficiency rises and condensation in the
last stages of the turbine is avoided.
3. Pumps:
Pumps are employed to circulate the water from reservoir or any
river to the desired location. It lifts the water to the desired
height.
4. Reheater:
In reheater the steam is extracted from a suitable
point from the turbine and reheated using the waste heat
available from the flue gases of the boiler. The reheating
results in the increase of dryness fraction of steam passing
through the lower stages of turbine. Reheating reduces the
specific steam consumption, the size of the boiler and
auxiliares for the output.

5. Air Preheater:
It is one of the boiler accessories used with the
economiser. The flue gases passing out of the economiser
are also at higher temperature than the ambient air.
Therefore, the gases passing through the economiser are
allowed to pass through air preheater.

6. Economiser
In an economizer, the waste heat of the flue gases is
utilized fro heating the feed water. The major heat loss in a
steam boiler is het carried away by the flue gases. Using
economiser, fuel is economized and consequently steam rate
is increased.
STEAM TURBINE
Turbine is defined by Neilson as “a machine in which a rotary motion is
obtained by the gradual change of momentum of fluid”. The high velocity
steam coming out of over the turbine blades, causing their rotation, thus
producing mechanical power.
CONDENSER
Condenser is used to condense the steam leaving the turbine, where
the energy of steam in the form of latent heat is taken up by the cooling water.
The steam after giving latent heat, changes its phase from vapors to liquid and
leaves the condenser as condensate. The temperature of the cooling water at
exit is more, compared to the temperature at inlet.
COOLING TOWER
It is a device in which the cooling water discharged from the condenser
is cooled.
GENERATOR
A converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
SELECTION PROCESS
OF THERMAL POWER STATION

1. Availability of Raw Material [coal, oil, Gas]

2. Ash Disposal Facilities
3. Space Requirements
4. Nature of Land
5. Availability of Water
6. Transport Facilities
7. Availability of Labour
8. Public Problem
9. Cost of Land
10. Future Extension
LAY OUT OF THERMAL POWERPLANT
 TYPES OF BOILERS
FIRE TUBE BOILERS:
Simple vertical boiler
cochran boiler
lancashire boiler
WATER TUBE BOILERS:
Babcock and wilcox boiler
stirling boiler
HIGH PRESSURE BOILERS:
Lamount boiler
WORKING OF DIFFERENT BOILERS
 COAL HANDLING
1. Transportation by Sea or River
2. Transportation by Rail
3. Transportation by Ropes
4. Transportation by Roads
COAL TRANSPORTATION
 TYPES OF TURBINES
ACCORDING TO ACTION OF TURBINES:
1. IMPULSE
2. REACTION
3. COMBINATION OF IMPULSE AND REACTION
ACCORDING TO THE NO OF PRESSURE STAGES:
1. SINGLE STAGE
2. MULTISTAGE
ACCORDING TO NO OF CYLINDERS:
1. SINGLE CYLINDER
2. DOUBLE CYLINDER
3. THREE CYLINDER
4. FOUR CYLINDER
LAYOUT
LAYOUTOF
OFTURBINES
TURBINES
LAYOUT OF TURBINES
 POWER ECONOMY IN INDIA
Power Sector plays vital role in the economic growth and Human
development of any country. It definitely improves the quality of life of
human beings and the biotic of this sphere. Electricity consumption is
one of the most important indices for measuring the development
level of a nation.
Power is one of the most critical components of infrastructure and
crucial for the welfare of the Nations. India’s power sector is one of the
most diversified in the world.
Electricity demand in the country has increased rapidly and is expected
to rise further in the years to come. In order to meet the increasing
demand for electricity in the country, massive addition to the installed
generating capacity is required for efficient and effective Production of
Goods and Services.
PIE CHART SHOWING POWER
SECTOR
THERMAL POWER PLANT