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Arguments:
The Classical, Toulmin, and
Rogerian and Ad Herennium
Models
Key Terms: Deductive vs. Inductive
Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning = in traditional Aristotelian
logic, the process of reasoning in which a conclusion
follows necessarily from the stated premises;
inference by reasoning from the general to the
specific
Three components:
Claim = the main point or position
Data = the evidence supporting the
claim, aka the reasons
Warrant = an underlying assumption
or basic principle that connects data
and claim; often implied rather than
explicit
Toulmin Model: An Example
Claim = My parents should allow me to go
to my friend’s party on Friday night.
Data Claim
Qualifier
Warrant
Backing Rebuttal
Rogerian Model
Developed by psychologist Carl Rogers
(also in the ’50s)
Emphasizes problem-solving and/or
coming to consensus
Allows the author to appear open-minded
or even objective
Appropriate in contexts where you need
to convince a resistant opponent to at
least respect your views
Rogerian Arguments:Structure
Introduction: statement of problem to be solved
or question to be answered
Summary of Opposing Views: described using
a seemingly objective persona
Statement of Understanding: concedes
circumstances under which opposing views might
be valid
Statement of Your Position
Statement of Contexts: describes contexts in
which your position applies/works well
Statement of Benefits: appeals to self-interest
of readers who may not yet agree with you;
demonstrates how your position benefits them
Ad Herennium
Exordium: Grab the audience’s attention
Narration: Set out the area of argument with
facts of the case
Division: Show both sides; what you agree and
disagree on with the issue.
Proof: Set out arguments supporting your case.
Go all out using logos here.
Refutation: More logos. Smash your opponent's
arguments show what’s wrong.
Peroration: Your big finish! Reiterate your
strongest points. Bring on the pathos here. Make
‘em laugh, cry, or mad.
Exordium
Putting the audience in a receptive mind.
Discuss your own person.
Discuss the person of our adversaries.
Discuss the members of the audience
Discuss the facts.