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• Threaded joints are used to hold two or more machine parts together. These
parts can be dismantled, if required, without any damage to machine parts or
fastening – DETACHABLE JOINTS UNLIKE PERMANENT JOINTS
SUCH AS WELDED JOINTS.
• If a second thread is cut in the space between the groves of the first, a double
threaded or double-start screw is formed and so on.
• The popularity of threaded joints is due to certain advantages
offered by them.
a) The parts are held together by means of a large clamping force.
There is wedge action at the threads, which increases the
clamping force. There is no loosening of the parts.
Bolt/ Screw
• bolt is a fastener with a head and straight threaded shank and
intended to be used with a nut to clamp two or more parts. The
same bolt can be called screw when it is threaded into a tapped
hole in one of the parts and not into the nut.
• A bolt is held stationary, while torque is applied to the nut to
make threaded joint, whereas the torque is applied to the screw to
turn it into matching threads in one of the parts
Bolt Screw
Nut
A small symmetrical part, usually having hexagonal or square shape,
containing matching internal threads
Washer
Thin annular shaped metallic disks used to prevent impairment of
the bolt head and nut surface during assembly.
BASIC TYPES OF SCREW THREADS
Through Bolts
• simply called a ‘bolt’ or a ‘bolt and nut’.
• The bolt consists of a cylindrical rod with head at one end and
threads at the other. The cylindrical portion between the head and
the threads is called shank.
• The shank passes through the holes in the parts to be fastened.
• The threaded portion of the bolt is screwed into the nut.
• The head of the bolt and the nut are either hexagonal or square.
Tap Bolts and Cap Screws
• The tap bolt is turned into a threaded (tapped) hole in one of the
parts being connected and not into a nut.
• Cap screws are similar to tap bolts. However, they are available
in small sizes from 5 mm to 30 mm nominal diameter and they
have a variety of shapes for their head.
Studs
• A stud is a cylindrical rod threaded at both ends. One end of
the stud is screwed into the tapped hole in one of the
connecting parts. The other end of the stud receives a nut.
TERMINOLOGY OF SCREW THREADS
When the screw is vertical, the thread lines slope upward from left
to right in case of right-hand threads. On the other hand, the thread
lines slope downward from left to right in case of left-hand threads.
Major Diameter (d): The major diameter is the diameter of an
imaginary cylinder that bounds the crest of an external thread (d)
or the root of an internal thread (D). The major diameter is the
largest diameter of the screw thread. It is also called the nominal
diameter of the thread.
• Lead: Lead is the distance that the nut moves parallel to the axis
of the screw, when the nut is given one turn.
• This area is used for the purpose of calculating the tensile strength
of the bolts.
DESIGNATION OF SCREW THREADS
• Bending stress if the surface of the bolt head or nut are not
perfectly parallel to the bolt axis
Bending stress in bolt
Stresses due to external load
• Tensile Stress
• Shear Stress
Fa