Paradigms of Computer Programming

and C++
Subject Code-CST-152
UNIT-I
Chapter-2
Topic Imperative Programming

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Course Objectives
• To understand the concept of the various Programming Paradigms.
• To apply different programming languages for modeling real world
problems.

Imperative Programming Objectives

•To understand the basics of Imperative Programming.

•To apply programming languages for modeling real world problems.

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 Contents
• Introduction to Imperative Programming
• Data types
• Data Input and output streams (cin, cout)
• Introduction to namespace.

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 Imperative Programming

Imperative programming is a paradigm of computer programming

in which the program describes a sequence of steps that change the
state of the computer.
It is also called procedural programming.
Imperative programming is a paradigm of computer programming
in which the program describes a sequence of steps that change the
state of the computer.

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 Data Types

When variables are declared of a particular data type then the variable
becomes the place where the data is stored and data types is the type of
value(data) stored by that variable.

Data can be of many types such as character, integer, real etc.

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 Data Types

FUNDAMENTAL DATA
TYPES

DATA TYPE MODIFIERS

DATA TYPES
DERIVED DATA TYPES

USER DEFINED DATA

TYPES
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 Fundamental Data Types

INTEGER

CHARACTER

FUNDAMENTAL DATA TYPES FLOAT

Fundamental data types are DOUBLE

those that are not composed
of other data types VOID
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 Data Type Modifiers

Integer type modifiers

Data type Character type modifiers

modifiers

They change some

properties of the data Floating-point modifiers
type

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 Integer Type Modifiers

TYPE APPROXIMATE SIZE MINIMAL RANGE

SHORT 2 -32768 to 32767

UNSIGNED SHORT 2 0 to 65,535
SIGNED SHORT 2 Same as short
INT 2 -32768 to 32767
UNSIGNED INT 2 0 to 65,535
SIGNED INT 2 Same as int
LONG 4 -2,147,483,648 TO 2,147,483,647
UNSIGNED LONG 4 0 to 4,294,967,295
SIGNED LONG 4 Same as long

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 Character Type Modifiers

TYPE APPROXIMATE MINIMAL RANGE

SIZE
CHAR 1 -128 to 127

UNSIGNED CHAR 1 0 to 255

SIGNED CHAR 1 Same as char

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 Floating Point Type Modifiers

TYPE APPROXIMATE DIGITS OF

SIZE PRECISION
FLOAT 4 7
LONG DOUBLE 8 15
LONG DOUBLE 10 19

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 Derived Data Types

ARRAYS

FUNCTIONS

POINTERS
DERIVED DATA TYPES

REFERENCES

CONSTANTS

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 User-defined Data Types

CLASS

STRUCTURE
USER DEFINED DERIVED DATA
TYPES
UNION

ENUMERATION

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 Data Input and output streams (cin, cout)

In C++, I/O is performed by using streams. A stream is a “stream of

data” in which character sequences are “flow into” or “flow out off.” A
stream is an object with properties that are defined by a class. Global
objects are predefined for the standard I/O channels.

The header file iostream must be included to make use of the

input/output (cin/cout) operators.

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 Standard Output (cout)
By default, the standard output of a program points at the screen. So with
the cout operator and the “insertion” operator (<<) you can print a message
onto the screen.
Example:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

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 Standard input (cin)

In most cases the standard input device is the keyboard. With the cin
and >> operators it is possible to read input from the keyboard.
example:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ char MY_CHAR;
cout << "Press a character and press return: ";
cin >> MY_CHAR;
cout << MY_CHAR;
return 0; }
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 Namespace
Namespace is used to define a scope where identifiers like variables, functions,
classes, etc are declared. The main purpose of using a namespace is to prevent
ambiguity that may occur when two identifiers have same name
A namespace definition begins with the keyword namespace followed by the
namespace name as follows −
Syntax:
namespace namespace_name
{ // code declarations }

To call the namespace-enabled version of either function or variable, prepend (::)
the namespace name as follows −
name::code; // code could be variable or function.

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 The using declaration

When we use using directive, we import all the names in the

namespace and they are available throughout the program, that is they
have global scope.
But with using declaration, we import one specific name at a time
which is available only inside the current scope.
Example:
namespace X
{ int x;
class Check
{
int i; }; }
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 The using directive

using keyword allows you to import an entire namespace into your

program with a global scope. It can be used to import a namespace
into another namespace or any program.

This directive tells the compiler that the subsequent code is making
use of names in the specified namespace. The namespace is thus
implied for the following code −

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 The using directive Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
namespace first_space
{
void func()
The using
{ cout << "Inside first_space" << endl;
}}
using namespace first_space;
int main ()
{
directive
// This calls function from first name space.
func();
return 0; }
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 References
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_operators.htm
• http://www.studytonight.com/cpp/operators-and-their-types.php
• http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/operators/

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Unit Course Outcomes

•Understand the various paradigms of computer programming

• Identify the strengths and weaknesses of different programming paradigms
I-III
•To provide in-depth knowledge of various concepts of programming
paradigms

Object Oriented Programming Outcomes

•Use the basics of Imperative Programming.
• Be familiar with using C++ functions and the concepts related to program design.
•To provide in-depth knowledge of various concepts of programming paradigms as data
types, I/O functions.

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