TE - Mech - RAC - Chapter 5 - Thermodyn Propertis of Moist Air

Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air
Thermodynamic Properties
of
Moist Air
Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Theory
T. Y. B. Tech. Mechanical Engineering

ME 0308 SEM - VI
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech Engg.

Outline
• Fundamental Discussion of Moist Air.
• Thermodynamic Wet – Bulb Temperature.
• Tables for Moist Air.
• Perfect Gas Relationships for Approximate Calculations.
• Construction of the Psychrometric Charts.

Atmospheric Air
ATM. AIR – Mixture of gases, including N2 , O2 , Ar, CO2 , H2O and traces of other
gases + Particulate matters.
Above 20,000 ft (6100 mtr), only DRY AIR…!!
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals – Definition for Standard Atmosphere.
1) Atmosphere consists of Dry Air, which behaves as a Perfect Gas, PV  m R T

2) Gravity is constant at 9.80665 m / sec2.
3) At Sea Level, Pr. is 101.325 kPa, 18 ºC.
4) Temp. t (ºC) decreases linearly with altitude z (mtr) : t  t0  0.0065 z

5.266
P  Az 
5) After Isothermal Atm, (- 56.5ºC) and (11000 mtr) :  1  
P0  T0 
….A = 0.0065 K / mtr.
Atmospheric Air
Altitude, mtr Temperature, ºC Pressure, kPa

-500 18.2 107.478
0 15.0 101.325
500 11.8 95.461
1000 8.5 89.874
2000 2.0 79.495
3000 - 4.5 70.108
4000 - 11.0 61.640
5000 - 17.5 54.020
6000 - 24.0 47.181
7000 - 30.5 41.061
8000 - 37.0 35.600
9000 - 43.5 30.742
10000 - 5.0 26.436

Fundamental Discussion of Moist Air

Working Substance in Air Conditioning ≡ Moist Air
Moist Air ≡ Binary Mixture ( Dry Air + Water Vapour)
ASHREA Handbook : Definition of Dry Air ≡
Substance Mole. Wt. Mole Fraction Partial Mole. Wt.

Composition in Dry Air in Dry Air
Oxygen, O2 32.000 0.2095 6.704
Nitrogen, N2 28.016 0.7809 21.878
Argon, Ar 39.944 0.0093 0.371
Carbon Dioxide, CO2 44.010 0.0003 0.013
1.0000 28.966
Molecular Weight : Dry Air ≡ 28.966

Moist Air ≡ 18.016


R 8314  J / kmole.K  J
Gas Constants : Dry Air ≡ Ra   
28.966 28.966  kg / kmole 
287
kg.K
R 8314  J / kmole.K  J
Moist Air ≡ Rv      462
18.016 18.016  kg / kmole  kg.K
Moist Air : Variable amount, from ZERO (Dry Air) to SATURATED (100 %).
Saturated Moist Air ≡ The condition where Moist Air may co-exist, in Neutral
Equilibrium, with associated Condensed Water.


Humidity Ratio ≡ Mass of Water Vapour per unit Mass of Dry Air in Moist Air Mixture.
mv
W
ma
W
Degree of Saturation ≡  WS ≡ Humidity Ratio at Saturation for same
WS Pr. And Temp.
xw x w ≡ Mole Fraction of Water Vapour in the mixture.

Relative Humidity ≡ 
x w, S x w,s ≡ Mole Fraction of Water Vapour at Saturation
for same Pr. And Temp.

xw
Relative Humidity ≡ 
x w, S
0.622
1
xw WS 0.622  W S
  
x w, S 1
0.622 0.622  W
W
NOTE : Neither μ nor φ are defined when Temp. of Moist Air exceeds the Sat. Temp.
of Pure Water corresponding to the Moist Air Pr.
e.g. : @ Sea – Level, ma = 0 → WS reaches Infinity @ 100 ºC, 101.325 kPa.

μ nor φ are undefined….!!!
Dry Bulb Temperature, (t) ≡ True Temperature of Moist Air at rest.
Dew Point Temperature (td) ≡ Sat. Temp. corresponding to the Humidity Ratio and Pr.
of the State.
Dew Point Temperature (td) ≡ Moist Air Mixture defined by P, W and t. If the Temp. is
slowly reduced while holding P and W constant, then the
Temp. at which Sat. is reached is the Dew Point Temp.


Enthalpy of Moist Air ≡ Sum of Enthalpies of the Dry Air and the Water Vapour.
H  H a  H w  m a ha  m w hw
Sp. Enthalpy of Moist Air ≡ Enthalpy per unit mass of the Dry Air.
H m a ha  m w hw
h 
ma ma
mw
h  ha  hw  ha  W hw
ma

Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature

Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature, (t*) ≡ Adiabatic Saturation Temperature.
Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature, (t*) ≡ Temperature at which water, by

evaporating into air, can bring
the air to Saturation adiabatically
at the same temperature.
1 2
Perfect Insulation
t 2  Dry Bulb Temp 1
P, W1 , t1 , ma
Water @ t2
P, WS2 , t2 , m
t 2  Dew Po int Temp1
ml , Makeup Water @ t2

Steady State : Makeup Water, with rate ml = Rate @ which Water added to Moist Air.
ml  m l WS , 2  W1 
 
Adiabatic Chamber :
    
m a ha,1  m a W1 h w,1  ml h f , 2  m a ha, 2  m a W S , 2 h w, 2
h1  WS , 2  W1 h f , 2  h S , 2
1 2
Perfect Insulation
P, W1 , t1 , ma P, WS2 , t2 , m
Water @ t2

Air leaving the chamber ≡ Sat. at P = Const. WS,2, hS,2, and hf,2 ≡ f (t2)
t2 = f (W1, h1, and P1 ) ≡ f (State 1)

≡ Thermodynamic Property (State 1)
≡ Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature (t*)

1 2
Perfect Insulation  
h  WS*  W h*f  h*S
P, W1 , t1 , ma P, WS2 , t2 , m
Water @ t2
Tables for Moist Air
Temp Humidity Sp. Vol. Sp. Enthalpy Sp. Entropy

(ºC) Ratio, m3 / kg Dry Air kJ / kg Dry Air kJ / kg Dry Air.(K)
kgW / kga
WS Va Vas Vs ha has hs sa sas ss
- 50 0.0000243 0.6312 0.0000 0.6312 - 50.289 0.059 - 50.230 - 0.2033 0.0033 - 0.2031
- 40 0.0000793 0.6597 0.0001 0.6597 - 40.229 0.192 - 40.037 - 0.1592 0.0009 - 0.1584
- 30 0.0002346 0.6881 0.0003 0.6884 - 30.171 0.574 - 29.597 - 0.1170 0.0025 - 0.1145
-20 0.0006373 0.7165 0.0007 0.7173 - 20.115 1.570 - 18.545 - 0.0765 0.0066 - 0.0699
-10 0.0016062 0.7450 0.0019 0.7469 - 10.057 3.986 - 6.072 - 0.0375 0.0160 - 0.0215
0 0.0037895 0.7734 0.0047 0.7781 0.000 9.473 9.473 0.0000 0.0364 0.0364
10 0.007661 0.8018 0.0098 0.8116 10.059 19.293 29.352 0.0362 0.0717 0.1078
20 0.014758 0.8302 0.0196 0.8498 20.121 37.434 57.555 0.0711 0.1346 0.2057
30 0.027329 0.8586 0.0376 0.8962 30.185 69.820 100.006 0.1048 0.2432 0.3481
40 0.049141 0.8870 0.0698 0.9568 40.253 126.430 166.683 0.1375 0.4273 0.5649
50 0.086858 0.9154 0.1272 1.0425 50.326 225.019 275.345 0.1692 0.7385 0.9077


WS = Humidity Ratio of Sat. Air.
va = Sp. Vol. of Dry Air under 101.325 kPa, ( m3 / kga )
vS = Sp. Vol. of Sat. Air, ( m3 / kg of Dry Air )
vaS = vS – va , ( m3 / kg of Dry Air )

ha = Sp. Enthalpy of Dry Air , ( kJ / kg of Dry Air ). ZERO Enthalpy @ 0ºC for Dry Air.
hS = Sp. Enthalpy of Sat. Air , ( kJ / kg of Dry Air )
haS = hS – ha , ( kJ / kg of Dry Air )
sa = Sp. Entropy of Dry Air , ( kJ / kga.K ). ZERO Entropy @ 0ºC for Dry Air.
sS = Sp. Entropy of Sat. Air , ( kJ / kg of Dry Air.K )
saS = sS – sa , ( kJ / kg of Dry Air.K )

Unsaturated Moist Air States ≡
v  v a   v aS
h  h a   h aS
s  s a   s aS

Example 1
Moist Air exists at 30 ºC dry-bulb temperature, 16 ºC dew-point temperature, and 101.325
kPa pressure. Determine :
a) Humidity Ratio,
b) Degree of Saturation,
c) Relative Humidity,
d) Enthalpy, and
e) Sp. Volume.

kgW / kga
16 0.011413 0.8188 0.0150 0.8338 16.096 28.867 44.963 0.0573 0.1051 0.1624
30 0.027329 0.8586 0.0376 0.8962 30.185 69.82 100.006 0.1048 0.2432 0.3481
W  WS @ 16 C ….Dew Point Temperature
 0.011413 kgw / kga ….ANS

Example 1…cntd
kgW / kga
16 0.011413 0.8188 0.0150 0.8338 16.096 28.867 44.963 0.0573 0.1051 0.1624
30 0.027329 0.8586 0.0376 0.8962 30.185 69.82 100.006 0.1048 0.2432 0.3481
WS @ 30 C  0.027329 kgw / kga

W 0.011413
   0.4176 or 41.76 % ….ANS
WS 0.027329
0.622  W S 0.622  0.027329

  0.4176
0.622  W 0.622  0.011413
 0.428 or 42.8 % ….ANS

Example 1…cntd
kgW / kga
16 0.011413 0.8188 0.0150 0.8338 16.096 28.867 44.963 0.0573 0.1051 0.1624
30 0.027329 0.8586 0.0376 0.8962 30.185 69.82 100.006 0.1048 0.2432 0.3481
h  ha   ha S
 30.185  0.417669.82
 59.342 kJ / kg a ….ANS
v  va   vaS
 0.8586  0.4176 0.0376
 0.8743 m3 / kg a ….ANS

Example 2
Moist Air exists at 50 ºC dry-bulb temperature and 40 per cent degree of saturation.
Pressure is 101.325 kPa. Determine :
a) Enthalpy, and
b) Sp. Volume.
From the Table for Moist Air;

kgW / kga
50 0.086858 0.9154 0.1272 1.0425 50.326 225.019 275.345 0.1692 0.7385 0.9077
h  h a   h aS
 50.326  0.40 225.019 

 140.3336 kJ / kga …ANS

Example 2…cntd
kgW / kga
50 0.086858 0.9154 0.1272 1.0425 50.326 225.019 275.345 0.1692 0.7385 0.9077
v  v a   v aS
 0.9154  0.400.1272
 0.96628 m3 / kga …ANS

Example 3
Moist Air exists at 30 ºC dry-bulb temperature, 16 ºC thermodynamic wet-bulb
temperature, and 101.325 kPa pressure. Determine :
a) Degree of Saturation, and
b) Enthalpy.
kgW / kga
16 0.011413 0.8188 0.0150 0.8338 16.096 28.867 44.963 0.0573 0.1051 0.1624
30 0.027329 0.8586 0.0376 0.8962 30.185 69.82 100.006 0.1048 0.2432 0.3481
 
h  ha   haS  h*s  Ws*  W h*f  h*s  Ws*h*f   WS h*f
h*s  W s*h*f  h a 44.963  0.01141366.13  30.185

 
h aS  WS h*f 69.82  0.02732966.13
 0.2062 …ANS
Example 3…cntd
kgW / kga
16 0.011413 0.8188 0.0150 0.8338 16.096 28.867 44.963 0.0573 0.1051 0.1624
30 0.027329 0.8586 0.0376 0.8962 30.185 69.82 100.006 0.1048 0.2432 0.3481
h  h a   h aS
 30.185  0.206269.82
 44.582 kJ / kga …ANS

Perfect Gas Relationships for Approx. Calculations

Tables for Moist Air ≡ Atm. Pr. only.
Water Vapour Pr. Below 6.9 kPa (1 psi) ≡ Perfect Gas Behaviour.
mw Pw V / R w T Ra Pw
Humidity Ratio ≡ W   
ma Pa V / R a T Rw Pa
Ra Mw
Using; P  Pa  Pw & 
Rw Ma
mw Pw
Humidity Ratio ≡ W  0.622 
ma P  Pw
Dew Point Temp (td) ≡ Sat. Temp corresponding to Vapour Pr. Pw.
Ideal Gas; h a   C P ,a dT & h w   C P , w dT
Assumption : ha = 0 @ 0 ºC & hg,0 = Enthalpy @ 0 ºC
h a  C P ,a T & h w  h g  CP ,w T  h g ,0
Title Unit
h  CP ,a T  W h g Cpa 1.00 kJ/kga.K
Cpw 1.86 kJ/kgw.K
hg,0 2501 kJ/kgw
h  CP ,a T  W CP , w T  h g , 0 


Sp. Volume ≡ Volume of the Mixture per unit Mass of Dry Air.
Mixture, Dry Air and Water Vapour ≡ Occupy SAME Volume….!!!
Ra T Ra T
v 
Pa P  Pw
Pw
xw  ….Perfect Gas
P
xw Pw
Relative Humidity ≡  
x w, S Pw, S


Using the Equations derived above;
W *
S 
 W h*fg  C P t  t *  
W
W S* h*fg  C P ,a t  t  *
h g  h*f
Total Entropy, S @ Pr. P and Temp T ≡
S  S a , 0   S a ,T , P   S a ,mix  S w, 0   S w,T , P   S w,mix

Sa,0 , Sw,0 = Entropy values @ Ref. States for Dry Air & Water Vapour
Δ Sa,T,P , Δ Sw,T,P = Entropy changes during Ref. State to State P, T.
Δ Sa,mix , Δ Sw,mix = Mixing Entropy for Dry Air & Water Vapour.

Perfect Gas ≡ Const. Sp. Heat & P0, To as Ref. States;
 T P
 S a ,T , P  m a  CP,a ln  R a ln 
 T0 P0 
 Pa 
 S a ,mix   m a  R a ln 
 P
 T P
 S w,T , P  m w  CP , w ln  R w ln 
 T0 P0 
 Pw 
 S w,mix   m w  R w ln 
 P

T0 = 0 ºC & P0 = 101.325 kPa
S a ,0  0
& S w, 0  m w 6.7975 kJ / kgw .K   m w s w, 0
This yields;
S T Pa  T Pw 
 s  CP,a ln  R a ln  W  s w,0  CP,w ln  R w ln 
ma T0 P0  T0 P0 
 Pw 
s  CP ,a  CP ,w W  ln  R a ln
T Pa
 W  s w,0  R w ln 
T0 P0  P0 
Example 4
Moist Air exists at 30 ºC dry-bulb temperature, 40 per cent relative humidity, and 86.60
kPa barometric pressure. Determine :
1. Dew point temperature,
2. Specific enthalpy, and
3. Specific entropy.
Temp Abs. Pr. Sp. Vol. Sp. Enthalpy Sp. Entropy

(ºC) MPa m3 / kg Dry Air kJ / kg Dry Air kJ / kg Dry Air.(K)
Pw,s Vf Vg hf hg sf sg
0 0.0006109 0.0009997 206.3 0.0 2500.89 0.0 9.1557
15 0.001705 0.001001 77.93 61.95 2528.47 0.2207 8.7806
30 0.004246 0.001005 32.89 124.95 2555.80 0.4340 8.4525
45 0.009593 0.001010 15.26 188.38 2582.75 0.6381 8.1640
Pw, S  4.246 kPa Pw  0.404.246  1.698 kPa

Interpolation in the Table; td  14.9 C ….ANS

Example 4….cntd
Pw 1.698
W  0.622   0.622   0.0124 kgw / kga
P  Pw 86.60  1.698
h g  2555.80 kJ / kgw
h  CP ,a T  W h g
 1.030  0.01242555.80
 61.79 kJ / kga ….ANS

Example 4….cntd
Pa  P  Pw  86.60  1.698  84.902 kPa
 Pw 
s  C P ,a  C P , w W  ln  R a ln
T Pa
 W  s w, 0  R w ln 
T0 P0  P0 
 1.0   1.860.0124 ln
303 84.902
 0.287 ln
273 101.325
 1.698 
 0.0124  6.7975  0.461ln 
 101.325 
 0.2651 kJ / kga .K ….ANS

Example 5
Moist air exists at 40 ºC dry-bulb temperature, 30 ºC thermodynamic wet-bulb
temperature, and 95.56 kPa pressure. Determine :
1. Humidity ratio, and
2. Relative humidity.
20 0.002339 0.001002 57.79 82.90 2537.61 0.2928 8.664
30 0.004246 0.001005 32.89 124.95 2555.80 0.4340 8.4525
40 0.007384 0.001008 19.52 167.26 2573.82 0.5712 8.2562
Pw*,S  4.246 kPa @ 30 C
Pw* 4.246
W  0.622 
*
 0.622   0.0289 kgw / kga
P  Pw 95.56  4.246
S *

Example 5….cntd
20 0.002339 0.001002 57.79 82.90 2537.61 0.2928 8.664
30 0.004246 0.001005 32.89 124.95 2555.80 0.4340 8.4525
40 0.007384 0.001008 19.52 167.26 2573.82 0.5712 8.2562
h g  2573.82 kJ / kgw @ 40 C
W
W S* h*fg  C P ,a t  t *  
h g  h*f

0.02892555.80  124.95  1.040  30
2573.82  124.85
 0.0246 kgw / kga ….ANS
Example 5….cntd
20 0.002339 0.001002 57.79 82.90 2537.61 0.2928 8.664
30 0.004246 0.001005 32.89 124.95 2555.80 0.4340 8.4525
40 0.007384 0.001008 19.52 167.26 2573.82 0.5712 8.2562
Pw*
WS*  0.622 
P  Pw*
1.608 P W
 Pw 
1  1.608 W
Pw 
1.608 95.56 0.0246
 3.636 kPa
1  1.608 0.0246
Example 5….cntd
g20 0.002339 0.001002 57.79 82.90 2537.61 0.2928 8.664
30 0.004246 0.001005 32.89 124.95 2555.80 0.4340 8.4525
40 0.007384 0.001008 19.52 167.26 2573.82 0.5712 8.2562
Pw, S  7.384 kPa @ 40 C
Pw

Pw, S
3.636
  0.4924 or 49.24 % ….ANS
7.384

Construction of Psychrometric Chart

Thermodynamic State of Moist Air ≡ Barometric Pr. + 2 Independent Properties.
Tradition : Std. Sea – Level Pr (101.325 kPa).
Richard Mollier (1923), from Dresden, Germany ≡ Enthalpy + Humidity Ratio, (h – W)
Enthalpy ≡ Oblique Coordinate h1 h2
Humidity Ratio ≡ Rectangular Coordinate

W2
b α
Lw
Goodman’s Procedure : θ β
W1
Sine Rule :
Lh b

sin  sin  β β
Lh

 180     
sin   sin      sin  cos   cos sin 
Lw
b
sin  h1 h2
Lh
cot   cot  
W2
b α
Lw θ β
Lw
W1
Enthalpy – Scale Factor, Sh :
h 2  h1
Sh 
Lh β β
Lh

Humidity Ratio – Scale Factor, Sw :
W 2  W1
Sw 
Lw
Lh S w h 2  h1 
Q' h1 h2
 
L w S h W 2  W1  S W2
b α
Lw
Sh Chart Scale Factor β
S
θ
where; W1
( kJ / kgw )
Sw
h 2  h1 Enthalpy – Moisture Ratio
Q  '
β
W 2  W1 ( kJ / kgw ) β
Lh

Q' Lh
cot   cot   
Lw S
General Equation for construction of various lines on Psychrometric Chart.
Inclination Angle, β, of Enthalpy Line

h1 h2
≡ Fixed by some Property Line,
considering it to be Vertical…!! W2
≡ Dry Bulb Temperature…!!! b α
Lw
θ β
h 2  h1  W2  W1  h w
W1
Q  hw  h g
'
β β
Lh

Dry Bulb Temp. lines ≡ hg = f (Temp)
≡ Straight Lines
S
tan   …for any Dry Bulb Temp line, t to be vertical.
h g ,t
h1 h2
Inclination of Enthalpy Lines…!!
W2
b α
Lw
θ β
W1
Grid of h and W lines may then be constructed…!!!
Psychrometric Chart…!!! β β
Lh

Saturation Curve ≡ Locus of points representing Sat. Air.
≡ hs & Ws @ various Temp.
Dry Bulb Temp. Lines ≡ Straight Lines
hg
cot    cot  h1 h2
S W2
Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temp. Lines ≡ Straight Lines
b α
Lw
h h
* θ β
W1
Q h 
' * S
W W
f *
S
h*f
cot    cot  β β
S Lh

Volume Lines ≡ ALMOST Straight Lines
d h  C P , w  1.608 C P ,a   Pv 
Q '
    C P , w T0  h g ,0
d W   1  1.608W 2
Ra  
h1 h2
Relative Humidity Lines :
 Pw, S W2
W  0.622 b α
Lw
P   Pw, S θ β
W1
Enthalpy – Moisture Ratio Protractor :
≡ Direction of straight lines of various values of Q’ β β
Lh

Sensible – Heat – Ratio ( SHR ) Protractor :
Sensible Heat Ratio ( Process 1 → 2 ) :
≡ Sensible Enthalpy Change divided by Total Enthalpy Change
h1 h2
 hS
SHR  W2
h b α
Lw
θ β
W1
β β
Lh
Relation bet. SHR & Enthalpy – Moisture Ratio :
 h   hL h g ,avg  T
SHR   1
h h h1 h2
h g ,avg W2
SHR 1  ' b α
Q θ β
Lw
W1
h g ,avg
Q  '
1  SHR
β β
Lh

Example 6
Moist air exists at a condition of 40 ºC dry-bulb temperature, 20 ºC thermodynamic wet-
bulb temperature, and 101.325 kPa pressure. Determine, using standard charts :
1. Humidity ratio,
2. Enthalpy,
3. Dew point temperature,
4. Relative humidity, and
5. Volume.
W = 0.0066 kgw / kga
h = 57.5 kJ / kga h
td = 7.5 ºC
W
φ = 14 % td Φ v
v = 0.896 m3 / kga
Thank You !

TE - Mech - RAC - Chapter 5 - Thermodyn Propertis of Moist Air

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Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air

Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Theory

T. Y. B. Tech. Mechanical Engineering

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech Engg.

• Fundamental Discussion of Moist Air.

• Thermodynamic Wet – Bulb Temperature.

• Tables for Moist Air.

• Perfect Gas Relationships for Approximate Calculations.

• Construction of the Psychrometric Charts.

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech Engg.

gases + Particulate matters.

Above 20,000 ft (6100 mtr), only DRY AIR…!!

ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals – Definition for Standard Atmosphere.

1) Atmosphere consists of Dry Air, which behaves as a Perfect Gas, PV  m R T

3) At Sea Level, Pr. is 101.325 kPa, 18 ºC.

4) Temp. t (ºC) decreases linearly with altitude z (mtr) : t  t0  0.0065 z

Altitude, mtr Temperature, ºC Pressure, kPa

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech Engg.

Fundamental Discussion of Moist Air

Moist Air ≡ Binary Mixture ( Dry Air + Water Vapour)

ASHREA Handbook : Definition of Dry Air ≡

Substance Mole. Wt. Mole Fraction Partial Mole. Wt.

Molecular Weight : Dry Air ≡ 28.966

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech Engg.

Fundamental Discussion of Moist Air

Equilibrium, with associated Condensed Water.

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech Engg.

Fundamental Discussion of Moist Air

xw x w ≡ Mole Fraction of Water Vapour in the mixture.

Fundamental Discussion of Moist Air

of Pure Water corresponding to the Moist Air Pr.

e.g. : @ Sea – Level, ma = 0 → WS reaches Infinity @ 100 ºC, 101.325 kPa.

Fundamental Discussion of Moist Air

Dry Bulb Temperature, (t) ≡ True Temperature of Moist Air at rest.

slowly reduced while holding P and W constant, then the

Temp. at which Sat. is reached is the Dew Point Temp.

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech Engg.

Fundamental Discussion of Moist Air

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech Engg.

Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature

Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature, (t*) ≡ Temperature at which water, by

Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature

Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature

t2 = f (W1, h1, and P1 ) ≡ f (State 1)

≡ Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature (t*)

Tables for Moist Air

Temp Humidity Sp. Vol. Sp. Enthalpy Sp. Entropy

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech Engg.

Tables for Moist Air

va = Sp. Vol. of Dry Air under 101.325 kPa, ( m3 / kga )

vS = Sp. Vol. of Sat. Air, ( m3 / kg of Dry Air )

vaS = vS – va , ( m3 / kg of Dry Air )

hS = Sp. Enthalpy of Sat. Air , ( kJ / kg of Dry Air )

haS = hS – ha , ( kJ / kg of Dry Air )

sS = Sp. Entropy of Sat. Air , ( kJ / kg of Dry Air.K )

saS = sS – sa , ( kJ / kg of Dry Air.K )

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech Engg.

Tables for Moist Air

Unsaturated Moist Air States ≡

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech Engg.

Temp Humidity Sp. Vol. Sp. Enthalpy Sp. Entropy

W  WS @ 16 C ….Dew Point Temperature

 0.011413 kgw / kga ….ANS

hs  W sh*f  h a 44.963  0.01141366.13  30.185