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Luqman Buchori
Department of Chemical Engineering
UNDIP Semarang
REFERENCES
1. Kern, D.Q., “Process Heat Transfer”,
International Student Edition, McGraw Hill
Kogakusha, Ltd., New York.
2. Holman, J.P., “Heat Transfer”, sixth edition,
McGraw Hill, Ltd., New York, 1986.
3. Mikheyev, M., “Fundamentals of Heat
Transfer”, John Willey & Sons Inc., New York,
1986.
4. Incopera De Witt, “Fundamentals of Heat
Transfer”, John Willey & Sons Inc., New York,
1981.
5. Ozisik, “Heat Transfer, a basic approach”,
1984.
6. McAdams, W.H., “Heat Transmision”, 3rd
edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc.,
New York.
COURSE MATERIAL
1. Basics of heat transfer (Conduction,
Convection, Radiation).
2. Application of heat transfer in industry
Basics of studying heat transfer :
• Ordinary/partial differential equation (Math 1, 2, MTK
1, 2)
• Fluids mechanics
• The concept of thermodynamic energy balance
(Thermo 1, 2)
Definition
:
The study of the rate of heat
transfer between materials/objects
due to differences in temperature
(hot and cold)
Heat will flow from the high-temperature region to
the low temperature region
USE OF HEAT TRANSFER
SCIENCE
To plan heat exchangers (heat exchanger).
To calculate the need for heating / cooling media
in a reboiler or condenser in a distillation
column.
For calculation of furnace radiation
For designing a boiler.
For designing an evaporator.
For designing chemical reactors
– Exotherm butuh pendingin
– Endoterm butuh pemanas
MECHANISM OF HEAT
TRANSFER
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
1. Conduction
dT qk dT
q k k A or k
dx
dx A
Example of conduction heat
transfer
qc
qc h c A Tw Ts or h c Tw Ts
A
Example of convection heat transfer
q k A dT
dx
Cartesian
direction Coordinates direction z
direction
x: y: :
q x k A dT q y k A dT q z k A dT
dx dy dz
Cylindrical
Coordinates
direction direction direction
r: : z:
q z k A dT
k
q r k A dT q A dT
dr r d dz
Spherical
Coordinates
direction r direction : direction
: :
k k
q r k A dT q A dT q A dT
dr r d r sin d
Thermal Conductivity
x
T T
Fourier’s q k A dT kA q
dx x x
Law : kA
Heat transfer rate, q flow
Temperature potential
Thermal conductivity, k
Thickness of material, x resistance
Surface area, A
RA RB RC
The equation for heat flow for all flat plane is:
T
q overall
R
th
Rth is the amount of thermal resistance.
For series materials : Rth = RA + RB + RC + …
The equation for heat flow for materials arranged in series
is : T
overall T
q
R R A RB RC
th
T1 T4
q
x A x B x C
k A A k BA k CA
In the steady state, the heat entering the left side must be
the same as the heat leaving the right,
qinput = qoutput
So that,
q qA qB qC
T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4
qA qB qC
x A x B x C
k AA k BA k CA
Example :
4a
2a
4b
q 1 3 q
2b
4c
T0 T1 T2 T3 R4b T4
R1 R3
R2b
R4c
T T
q
R R1 R R 3 R
th k1 k2
x1 x 2
R1 R k1
k1A1 k 2a A 2a k 2b A 2b
x 3 x 4
R3 R k2
k 3A 3 k 4a A 4a k 4b A 4b k 4c A 4c
The solution to the heat flow equation for series and parallel
arrangements is :
T0 T4
q
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
k1A1 k 2a A 2a k A k 3A3 k 4a A 4a k A k 4c A 4c
2b 2b 4b 4b
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
IN CYLINDER
1.Conduction Heat Transfer in Hollow Cylinders
A long cylindrical hollow with inside radius r i, outside radius ro
and length L heated by q. Inside surface temperature T i and
outside surface temperature To.
L
To ro
ri
Ti
Electrical analog :
q
Ti To
R
Heat flow only takes place in the radial direction (r
direction).
The area of heat flow plane in this cylinder system is :
Ar = 2rL
So that Fourier's law becomes :
q kAr dT k 2rL dT
dr dr
Boundary Condition, BC :
(i) r = ri T = Ti
(ii) r = ro T = To
2kL T To 2kL T To
q i i
or q
ln ro r 2,3 log ro r
i i
T T To
q i
R th ln r r
o i
2kL
ln ro r
In this case, the thermal resistance is : R i
th 2kL
ro Do
If D is the cylinder diameter then :
r D
i i
The heat flow equation can be
written, 2 kL
T T
2kL T To
i o
q i q
atau 2,3 log Do D
ln Do D i
i
If the inside diameter of the cylinder (Di) > 0,75 outside
diameter (Do), heat flow can be searched with:
T To
q i
Do D 2
i
kL D Do 2
i
2. Heat Transfer Conduction on Cylindrical
Multilayer Walls
kC
kB T1
kA r1 r2
T2
A r3 T3
B
r4
C T4
Electrical
analog :
The equation for heat flow for cylindrical multilayer walls is :
T T
q overall
R R A RB RC
th
So that,
T1 T4 2L T1 T4
q
lnr4 r3
q
ln r2 r1 ln r3 r2 or
ln r2 r1 lnr3 r2 lnr4 r3
2k A L 2k B L 2k C L kA kB kC
qinput = qoutput
So that,
T1 T4 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4
q
R
th
ln r2 r1 ln r3 r2 ln r4 r3
2k A L 2k B L 2k C L
Contoh soal :
ri Ti
Electrical
analog :
Heat flow only takes place in the radial direction (r
direction).
The area of heat flow plane in this spherical system is:
Ar = 4r2
So that Fourier's law becomes
dT : 2 dT
q kAr
k 4r
dr dr
Boundary Condition, BC :
(i) r = ri T = Ti
(ii) r = ro T = To
With the above boundary conditions, the heat flow equation
for spherical coordinates is :
4k T To T T To
i q i
q
1 1
1 1 R r ro
th
r ro i
i
4k
1 1 ro r
r ro
In this case, the thermal resistance is : R i i
th 4k 4k r ro
i
2. Heat Transfer Conduction on Spherical
Multilayer Walls
T4
r4 T3
A sphere with relatively
high surface temperature
r3
is isolated with several
r2 T2
types of material.
r1 T1
k1
k2 Electrical analog
:
k3
q
T1 T2 T3 T4
R1 R2 R3
The equation for heat flow for spherical multilayer walls is :
T T
q overall
R R1 R2 R3
th
So that,
T1 T4 4 T1 T4
q or q
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
r1 r2 r2 r3 r3 r4 r1 r2 r2 r3 r3 r4
4k1 4k 2 4k 3 k1 k2 k3
qinput = qoutput
T1 T4 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4
q
R 1 1 1 1 1 1
th r1 r2 r2 r3 r3 r4
4k1 4k 2 4k 3
Contoh Soal :
Fluida A Fluida B
k h2
q
h1
T2
TB
q
TA T1 T2 TB
Electrical analog
: RA R12 RB
Overall heat transfer is stated with :
TA TB A TA TB
q
1 x 1 1 x 1
h1A kA h 2A h1 k h2
Moreover q UA Toverall
1
U
1 x 1
h1 k h2
For flat plane arranged in series,
TA TB A TA TB
q
1 x
1 1 x
1
h1A kA h 2A h1 k h2
1
U
A R C R k R C
1 2
2.OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN
CILYNDER
A hollow cylinder is exposed to convection on the inside and outside
surfaces of fluid A and B. Temperature of both fluids, TA and TB. The
fluid flows through the pipe at TA temperature. The heat transfer
from fluid to the pipe occurs convection, then passes through the
pipe with conduction and then to the fluid outside the pipe at the
L
temperature of TB by convection.
r1
r2
TA Electrical analog :
T1
q
TA T1 T2 TB
T T2
RC1 Rk RC2
TB
r
The overall heat transfer from the fluid inside the pipe to the
fluid outside the pipe is
TA TB
q
1 ln r2 r1 1
h1A1 2kL h 2A 2
TA TB 2L TA TB
q
1 ln r2 r1 1 1 ln r2 r1 1
h1 2 r1L 2kL h 2 2 r2 L h1r1 k h 2 r2
The overall heat transfer coefficient can be based on the inner or
outer plane of the tube.
Inner plane,
A1 TA TB 2r1L TA TB
q
r1 ln r2 r1
1 A1 ln r2 r1 A1 1
r1
h1 2kL h 2A 2 h1 k h 2 r2
1
U1
r ln r r
1 1 2 1 r1
h1 k h 2 r2
Outer plane,
A 2 TA TB 2 r2 L TA TB
q
r2 ln r2 r1
A 2 A 2 ln r2 r1 1 r2 1
h1A1 2kL h2 h1r1 k h2
1
U2
r2 r2 ln r2 r1 1
h1r1 k h2
3.OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN
SPHERICAL
Electrical analog :
T1
r1
q
TA r2
T2 TA T1 T2 TB
RA R12 RB
TB
The overall heat transfer from the fluid inside the pipe to the
fluid outside the pipe is
TA TB
q
1 1
1 r1 r2 1
h1A1 4k h 2A2
The overall heat transfer coefficient ,
Inside,
A1 TA TB 4 r12 TA TB
q
2 1 1
A1 1r 1r A r r r r 2
1 1 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
h1 4k h 2 A 2 h1 k h 2 r2 2
1
U1
r12 1r 1r r12
1 1 2
h1 k h 2 r2 2
Outside,
A 2 TA TB 4 r2 2 TA TB
q
A2 A 2 1 1
r r r2 2 r2 2 1 1
r r
1 2 1 1 2 1
h1A1 4k h2 h1r12 k h2
1
U2
r2 2 r2 2 1 1
r r
1 2 1
h1r12 k h2
Contoh
soal :
h, Ts
ri
T
Ti rc
The electrical analogy for insulated pipes
is
ln rc r
q Rk i
Ti T Ts 2kL
Rk Rh Rh 1
2 rcLh
Toverall Ti Ts
q
R ln rc ri 1
th
2kL 2 rc Lh
2L T Ts
i
q
ln rc ri 1
k rc h
To determine the critical radius of isolation (rc) so that the
maximum heat transfer can be searched in 2 ways, namely
dq 0 or dR 0
drc drc
k
Critical radius is obtained: rc
h
That is mean, the maximum heat transfer from the pipe
occurs when the critical radius is equal to the ratio of thermal
conductivity to the surface heat transfer coefficient.
k
If h rc < heat transfer increases with
the addition of insulation thick.
k rc > heat transfer decreases with
h
the addition of insulation thick.
2.INSULATED SPHERICAL
A sphere is installed with a layer of insulation around it. The
inside temperature of the wall insulation is Ti while the
outside temperature is Ts. The outer wall of the pipe is
exposed to convection.
1 1
r rc 1
Rk i Rh
4k 4 rc2h
The heat transfer equation for an insulated sphere is :
Tmenyeluruh T Ts
q i
R 1 1
th ri rc 1
4k 4 rc 2 h
4 T Ts
q i
1 1
ri rc 1
k rc 2h
To determine the critical radius of isolation (rc) so that the
maximum heat transfer can be searched in 2 ways, namely
dq 0 dR 0
or
drc drc
Critical radius is rc 2k
h
obtained :
Example :
U
U
U
U
qw dT
k
A dy w
The Prandtl Number
The parameter which relates the relative
thicknesses of the hydrodynamic and thermal
boundary layers. Cp.
Pr
k Cp k
h .x
The Nusselt Number Nu x x
: k
For the plate heated over its entire length :
Nu x 0,332 Pr1 3 Re x1 2
Applicable to fluids having Prandtl numbers between about 0,6
–For
50.fluids with low Prandtl Nu 0,530 P 1 2 Re 1 2
x r x
number
For fluids: with high Prandtl number
:
0,3387 Re x1 2 Pr 1 3
Nu x 14
0,0468 2 3
1
Pr
The average heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number may
be obtained with :
h 2hx
.U .L
Nu L 2 Nu x 0,664 Re L1 2 Pr 1 3 where Re L
The foregoing analysis was based on the assumption that the
fluid properties were the constant throughout the flow. When
there is an appreciable variation between wall and free-stream
conditions, it is recommended that the properties be evaluated
at the film temperature, Tf defined as the arithmetic mean
between the wall and free-stream temperature.
Tw T
Tf
2
The average temperature difference along the plate may be
obtained :
qw L k
Tw T
0,6795 Re L1 2 Pr 1 3
FLOW IN A TUBE
For fully developed flow :
Um d
Reynolds number : Re d
For turbulent flow :
hd
Nusselt Nu d
number : k
Nu d 0,023 Re d 0,8 Pr n
13 0,14
d
Nud 1,86 Red Pr 1 3
L w
Example :
12 0,387 Ra 1 6
Nu 0,825 for 10-1 < RaL < 1012
1 0,492 / Pr
9 16 8 27
HORIZONTAL
PLATE
Horizontal plate with the heated surface facing upward :
Nu L 0,13 GrL Pr
13
for GrL.Pr < 2 x 108
Nu L 0,16 GrL Pr
13
for 2 x 108 < GrL.Pr <
1011
Horizontal plate with the heated surface facing downward :
hL
Don’t forget : Nu L
k
q h A Tw T
HORIZONTAL
CYLINDER
g Tw T d3 Nu f C Grf Prf
m
Gr
d 2
C and m can be seen at Table 4.1. k Nu d
q h
h d Tw T d
L
FREE CONVECTION FROM
SPHERE
Free convection heat transfer from spheres to air :
hd
Nu f 2 0,392 Grf 1 4 for 1 < Grf < 105
kf
If the Prandtl number entered will be
obtained :
Nu f 2 0,43 Grf Prf 1 4
For higher ranges :
Eb T4
Absorbed ()
Transmitted ()
= reflectivity
= absorptivity
= transmissivity
1
Shape factor
View factor
Angle factor
Configuration factor
Geometry factor
Eb1
Eb2
T1 T2
A1 A2
AmFmn = AnFnm
q J G
A
Eb 1 G G
Eb G
Solving for G, in term of J will be
obtained :
q A E b J
1
or
E J
q b Heat flow potential difference
1 surface resis tan ce
A
Surface network :
q
Eb J
1
A
The exchange of radiant energy by two surface A1 and
A2
A1 A2
J1
J2
F12 F21
J1 J 2
q Heat flow potential difference
1 space resis tan ce
A1F12
Space network
q
J1 J2
1
A1F12
Radiation network for two surfaces which see each other and
nothing else.
q
Eb1 J1 J2 Eb2
1 1 1 1 2
1A1 A1F12 2A2
1 1 1 1 2
1A1 A1F12 2A2
1 1
A1F13 A 2F23
J3
1 3
3A 3
Eb3
To calculate the heat transfer between three surface, it can be
solved by applying Kirchhoff current law : The sum of the
currents entering a node is zero.
Node I : Eb1 J1 J 2 J1 J3 J1
0
1 1 1 1
1A1 A1F12 A1F13
q
Eb1 J1 J2 Eb2
1 1 1 1 2
1A1 A1F12 2A2
1 1
A1F13 A 2F23
J3= Eb3
J1 J2 Eb2 J2 E J
b3 2 0
1 1 2 1
Node J2 A: F A 1 F
1 12 A
2 2 2 21
Eb1 J1
q
The total heat lost by plate 1 is 1 1
: 1
1A1
E J
The total heat lost by plate 2 q b2 2
2 1 2
is :
2A 2
J1 J 3 J 2 J 3 J E b3 J E b3
or q3 1 2
1 1 1 1
A 1 F13 A 2 F23 A 1 1 F12 A 2 1 F21
Contoh Soal :
2. Sebuah kawat halus dengan diameter 0,02 mm dijaga pada suhu tetap 54 oC dengan
bantuan arus listrik. Kawat itu terbuka ke udara pada 1 atm dan XXXoC. Hitunglah
perpindahan kalor yang dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan suhu kawat jika panjangnya
adalah 50 cm!
3. Suatu kerucut terpotong yang tingginya 30 cm terbuat dari alumunium. Diameter bagian
atas ialah 7,5 cm dan diameter bagian bawah 12,5 cm. Suhu pada permukaan bagian
bawah dipertahankan XXXoC dan pada permukaan atas 540oC. Permukaan lainnya
diisolasi. Andaikan semua permukaan hitam, berapakah laju perpindahan kalornya ?