Telecommunications

in Business

By– Raghav Gandotra

Trends in Telecommunications
Industry Trends
Industry Trends Toward more competitive vendors, carriers, alliances &
network services, accelerated by deregulation & growth of
Internet & World Wide Web

Technology Trends Toward extensive use of Internet, digital fiber-optic &

wireless technologies to create high-speed local & global
inter-networks for voice, data, images, audio & video-
communications

Application Trends Toward pervasive use of Internet, enterprise intranets &

inter-organizational extranets to e-business & e-commerce,
enterprise collaboration & strategic advantage in local &
global markets
 Network Concepts
 Network
 An interconnected chain, group or system
 Number of possible connections on a network
is N * (N-1)
 Where N = number of nodes (points of
connections on the network)
 Example, if there are 10 computers on a
network, there are 10 * 9 = 90 possible
connections
 Telecommunications
Telecommunications
 Exchange of information in any form
(voice, data, text, images, audio, video)
over networks
Trends in Telecommunications
Services available today…
Full Service Spectrum
Entertainment •Broadcast TV
•High-definition TV
•Enhanced pay-per-view
•Video-on-demand
•Interactive TV
•Interactive video games
•Video catalog shopping
Information •Distance learning
Transactions •Desktop multimedia
•Image networking
•Transaction services
•Internet access
•Telecommuting
•Videoconferences
•Video telephony
•Wireless Access
•Cellular/PCS systems
Communications •POTS-Plain old telephone service
 No Barriers
Overcome geographic barriers
 capture remote transactions
Overcome time barriers
 7x24
Overcome cost barriers
 technology cheap & pervasive
Overcome structural barriers
 link for competitive advantage
 virtual
 Business Value of
Telecommunication Networks
Popular uses of the Internet
Internet Adds Value to Businesses

Inventory
Management
Systems

Headquarters Suppliers

The Internet

Business Partners Customers Remote Offices

Deriving Business Value
Generate Reduce
New Costs of
Revenue Doing
Sources Business

Develop Develop New

New Markets Web-Based
and Channels Products

Increase
Attract
Customer
New
Loyalty and
Customers
Retention
 Open Systems
 Information systems that use common standards for
hardware, software, applications and networks
 Internet networking technologies are a common standard for
open systems
 Connectivity:
 Ability of networked computers to easily access &
communicate with each other and share information
 Interoperability:
 The ability of an open system to enable end user
applications to be accomplished using different varieties
of computer systems, software packages & databases
provided by a variety of interconnected networks
 Digital Network Technologies
 Rapid change from analog to digital network technologies
 Analog: voice-oriented transmission, sound waves
 Digital: discrete pulse transmission
 Digital allows:
 Higher transmission speed
 Larger amounts of information
 Greater economy
 Lower error rates
 Multiple forms of communications on same circuit
 The Internet
Over 46 million servers (2004)
710 – 945 million users (2004)
No central computer system
No governing body
No one owns it
 Internet Service Provider
ISP
 A company that specializes in providing
easy access to the Internet
 For a monthly fee, you get software, user
name, password and access
ISPs are connect to one another
through network access points
 Internet2
Next generation of the Internet
High-performance network
In use at 200 universities, scientific
institutions, communications
corporations
 GE Power Systems: Using the Internet

• Creation of a Power Plant Entirely on the

Internet
• Holding Virtual Meetings
• Blueprints Exchanged and Modified in Real
Time on the Web
• Customers Can Watch as Turbine is Built
from Anywhere
• 20-30% Reduction in Time to Build Turbine
• 1-2% Increase in Turbine Output
• 30% Increase in Sales Revenue
 An Intranet
 A network inside an organization
 That uses Internet technologies (such as Web
browsers and servers, TCP/IP protocols,
HTML, etc.)
 To provide an Internet-like environment within
the organization
 For information sharing, communications,
collaboration & support of business processes
 Protected by security measures
 Can be accessed by authorized users through
the Internet
 Extranet
Network links that use Internet
technologies
 To connect the Intranet of a business
 With the Intranets of its customers,
suppliers or other business partners
Telecommunications Networks
 components
 types
 media
 hardware, including those black
boxes
 software
 Telecommunications network
Any arrangement where a sender
transmits a message to a receiver over
a channel consisting of some type of
medium
 Components of Telecommunications Network

Telecommunications
4
Processors
1

2 3 2 5
Telecommunications
Software

PCs, NCs, Telecommunications

and Other Channels and Media Computers
Terminals
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Telecommunications network that covers a
large geographic area

Source: Courtesy of Cisco Systems Inc.

 Typical Local Area Network
Connect computers within a limited physical
area such as an office, classroom, or building

PC PC PC Shared
Database and
Software Packages

Network
Server
Shared
Printer

PC PC

Internetwork Processor to Other Networks

Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
A secure network that uses the
Internet as its backbone but relies
on firewalls, encryption & other
security
A pipe traveling through the
Internet
VPN
Client/Server & Network Computing
 Networks are the central computing resource of
the organization
 Thin clients: network computers & other clients
provide a browser-based user interface
 Clients: End user personal computers or
networked computers (thin clients)
 Interconnected by LANs
 Servers: manage networks
 Processing shared between clients & servers
 Client/Server Networks
Functions of the Computer Systems

Mainframe
Large Servers

Client Systems Servers

• Functions: • Functions: • Functions: Central
Provide user Shared database control,
interface, perform computation, security, directory
some/most application management,
processing on an control, heavy-duty
application. distributed processing.
databases.
 Client-Server or Network Computing
Where does the application run?

Client
Network Host System
Server
Superserver

User Interface
Application Processing Central database control
Application Control Heavy duty processing
Distributed Database

NetPC
Application DB
Server Server

Browser-based
User Interface
Web OS DBMS
Application Software
 Peer-to-peer networks
Networks that connect from one PC to
another PC
Common use is the downloading and
trading of files
Peer-to-Peer Network
 Telecommunications Media
Twisted Pair Communication
Coaxial Cable Satellites
Fiber Optics Cellular
Terrestrial Technologies
Microwave Wireless LAN
 Wireless Technologies
 Terrestrial microwave
 Earthbound microwave systems that transmit
high-speed radio signals in a line-of-sight path
 Between relay systems spaced approximately
30-miles apart
 Communications satellites
 Satellite serves as relay stations for
communications signals
 Uses microwave radio signals
 Wireless Technologies
 Cellular and PCS telephone and pager systems
 Divide the geographic area into small areas or cells
 Each cell has transmitter or radio relay antenna to send
message from one cell to another
 Wireless LANs
 Radio signals within an office or building
 Connect PCs to networks
 Bluetooth
 Short-range wireless technology
 To connect PC to peripherals such as printer
 Wireless Web
 Connect portable communications devices to the
Internet
 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Telecommunications Processors & Software
 Modems  Network
 Multiplexers Operating
 Internetwork System
Processors  Telecomm
 Switches Monitor
 Routers  Middleware
 Hubs  Network
 Gateways Management
 Fire walls Software
 Connecting Networks
Those black boxes

Hub
 all messages pass thru the hub
Bridge
 only “needed” msgs pass thru bridge
 two LANS using same protocol
 Connecting Networks

Switch
 more than 2 LANs or segments
 same protocol
Router/Gateway
 two LANS using any protocols
 only needed messages pass thru
Typical Internet Connection

Network Interface Card

Frame
NIC Relay
Ethernet
Hub Switch Router Switch Router

NIC

Corporate Local Area Network Internet Provider

Core Frame Remote

ATM Router ATM Router Relay Access
Switch Switch Switch Device

Modem
Internet Backbone Internet Provider Private Home
 Network Topologies
Topologies or Network Structures
Star
Ring
Bus
Mesh

Client/Server May Use Any

Combination
 Network Topologies

Used to be just point to point

Network Architecture and Protocols
The OSI
TCP/IP Model
• Provides communications services
Application for end user applications
Layer

Application or Presentation
• Provides appropriate data
Process Layer Layer
transmission formats and codes

• Supports the accomplishment

Session of telecommunications sessions
Layer

• Supports the organization and

Transport transfer of data between nodes in
Host-to-Host Transport Layer Layer the network

• Provides appropriate routing by

Internet Protocol (IP) Network establishing connections among
Layer network links

Data Link • Supports error-free organization

Network Interface Layer and transmission of data in the
network

• Provides physical transmission of

Physical Layer Physical data on the telecommunications
Layer media in the network
Comparing modem & other technologies
 Internet Telephony
Using an Internet connection to pass
voice data using IP
Voice over IP (VoIP)
Skips standard long-distance phone
charges
 Voice Over IP is the Real Thing
 VoIP works by
 Digitizing a voice signal,
 Chopping it into packets &
 Sending them over a company’s network
or the Internet
 Packets are reassembled at the
destination
 Skype
 http://www.skype.com/
Make calls from your computer —
free to other people on Skype and
cheap to landlines and cell phones
around the world.