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Gusti Putu Putra Primantara

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I Wayan Krisnawan
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Definition of Rhetoric

By Oxford Dictionary
Rhetoric is the art of effective or persuasive speaking or
writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other
compositional techniques.
Rhetoric

Rhetoric remained the dominant textual discipline for almost two

thousand years. Since ancient Greco-Roman culture treasured public
speech, rhetoric compiled a number of rules and techniques for
efficient composition and powerful oratory.
In its attempt to classify systematically and investigate elements of
human speech, rhetoric laid the foundation for current linguistics and
literary criticism.
Rhetoric

Rhetoric originally mediated rules concerning eloquence and perfect

speech and was hence primarily prescriptive. It offered guidelines for every
phase of textual composition including :
 invention (selection of themes)
 disposition (organization of material)
 elocution (verbalization with the help of rhetorical figures)
 memoria (the technique of remembering the speech)
 action (delivery of the speech)
Rhetoric also introduced descriptive and analytical elements into textual
studies. Even in its carliest phases, rhetoric analyzed concrete textual samples
in order to delincate rules for the composition of a “perfect” text.
A Modern Understanding of Rhetoric

The study of rhetoric has been an important part of human

communication and evolution as a result. Peter Barry uses rhetoric to
define stylistic as “the modern version of the ancient discipline known
as rhetoric” in his book “Beginning Theory”.
Barry say that rhetoric teaches “its students how to structure an
argument, how to make effective use of figure of speech, and
generally how to pattern and vary a speech or a piece of writing so as
to produce maximum impact”.
Definiton of Stylistics

By Richard Nordquist
Stylistics is a branch of applied linguistics concerned
with the study of style in text, especially but not exclusively
in literary work.

STYLISTICS
???
Stylistics

In the 19th century, rhetoric eventually lost its influence and

partially developed into stylistics, a field whose methodology was
adopted by literary criticism and art history as well.
Stylistics focused on grammatical structures (lexis and syntax),
acoustic elements (melody, rhyme, meter, and rhythm), and over-
arching forms (rhetorical figures) in its analyses of texts.
Stylistician

Stylistician is a person who studies detailed knowledge of the

workings of morphology, phonology, lexis, syntax, semantics, and
various discourse and pragmatic models.
There are various overlapping subdisciplines of stylistics, including :
 Literary stylistics
 Interpretive stylistics
 Evaluative stylistics
 Corpus stylistics
 Discourse stylistics
 Ferminist stylistics
 Cognitive stylistics
Formalism and Structuralism

Formalism and Structuralism encompass a number of

schools in the first half of the 20th century whose main goal
lies in the explication of the formal and structural patterns of
literary texts.
Definition of Formalism

 Formalism is a school of literary criticism and literary

theory having mainly to do with structural purposes of
particular text.
 Formalism approaches literature as a stand-alone set
of ideals, with only the text to back things up.
 Formalism also tries to analyze structurally such textual
elements as characters in a plot, which older schools
traditionally explain on a merely thematic level.
Russian formalism

During and after World War I, Russian formalism

sought an objective discourse of literary criticism by
foregrounding structural analyses, Russian formalism
rejects explanations which base their arguments on the
spirit, intuition, imagination, or genius of the poet.
In contrast to traditional, extrinsic methodologies,
Russian formalism privileges phonetic structures, rhythm,
rhyme, meter, and sound as independent meaningful
elements of literary discourse.
Definition of Structuralism

Structuralism is the methodology that elements of

human culture must be understood by way of their
relationship to a large, overarching system or structure.
Definition of New Criticism

New criticism established itself as the dominant school of

literary criticism in the English-speaking academic community
during the 1930s and 1940s.
New criticism objects to evaluative critique, source studies,
investigations of sociohistorical back-ground, and the history of
motifs ; it also counters authorcentered biographical or
psychological approaches as well as the history of reception.
Semiotics and Deconstruction

Semiotics and deconstruction are the most

recent trends in textoriented literary theory of the
1970s and 1980s, which regards a text as a system
of signs.
Semiotics and deconstruction use the verbal
sign or signifier as the starting point of their mental concept or
analyses, arguing that nothing exists outside the signified (French signifié)
text, that our perception of the world is of a linguistic realization or
textual nature. signifier (French signifiant)
Unconventional aspect of Semiotics and
Deconstruction

A new and unconventional aspect of semiotics and deconstruction

is their attempt to extend the traditional notion of textuality to
nonliterary or nonlinguistic sign systems. Semiotic methods of analysis
which originated in literary criticism have been applied in
anthropology, the study of popular culture, geography, architecture,
film, and art history.