1.

Introduction
• Prime mover: It is a device which uses natural
resources to convert their energy into
mechanical energy or useful work (shaft
work).
• Prime mover types (classification)
• Concept of Force
Relation Between Different Pressure
 Thermodynamic Definition
• Work: Work in thermodynamics may be defined as any
quantity of energy that flows across the boundary between
the system and surroundings which can be used to change the
height of a mass in the surroundings.
• Heat: Heat is defined as the quantity of energy that flows
across the boundary between the system and surroundings
because of a temperature difference between system and
surroundings. The characteristics of heat are as follows:
o Heat is transitory and appears during a change in state of
the system and surroundings. It is not a point function.
o The net effect of heat is to change the internal energy of
the system and surroundings in accordance to first law.
o If heat is transferred to the system, it is positive and if it is
transferred from the system it is negative.
 Comparison of work and heat
Similarities:
• Both heat and work are not properties of system.
• Both are boundary phenomenon .
• Both are path functions and inexact differentials.
• Both are transient quantities.
• Both can not be stored by the system.
Dissimilarities:
• Heat is energy interaction due to temperature difference while
work is other than temperature difference.
• In stable system there can not be work transfer while there is no
restriction for heat transfer.
• Heat is low grade energy while work is high grade energy.
 Definition Of Temperature
Temperature: Temperature is a property of a substance by
which it can be differentiated from other substance in terms of
degree of hot or cold.

°C = °K − 273.15
°F = 1.8°C + 32
 State

• State: At any instant of time, the condition of a system is

called state. The state at a given instant of time is
defined by the properties of the system such as pressure,
volume, temperature, etc.
 Process and Path

Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one state to

another state is called a process.

Path: It is a series of state through which a system passes during a

process.
 Process cycle

Cycle: It is defined as a series of state changes such that the final

state is identical with the initial state.

Two Process cycle

 State, Process, Path and Cycle

State: It is the condition of the system at an instant of time

as described or measured by its properties; Or each unique
condition of a system is called a state.

Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one

state to another state is called a process.

Path: It is a serious of state through which a system passes

during a process.

Cycle: It is defined as a serious of state changes such that

the final state is identical with the initial state.
Change of State
 Change of State

P-v diagram of a substance P-v diagram of a substance that

that contracts on freezing expands on freezing (such as water)
 Critical point
Is defined as the point at which the saturated
liquid and saturated vapor states are identical.
 Triple point
Triple point of water is the state at which
all three phases of water coexist in
equilibrium.
• Internal Energy: The Internal Energy (U) of a system is the total
energy content of the system.
o It is the sum of the kinetic, potential, chemical, electrical,
and all other forms of energy possessed by the atoms and
molecules of the system.
o The Internal Energy (U) is path independent and depends
only on temperature for an ideal gas.
• Enthalpy: Enthalpy, h, of a substance is defined as h = u + PV. It
is intensive properties of a substance and measured in terms of
kJ/kg.
• Specific Heat at Constant Volume (Cv): The rate of change of
internal energy with respect to absolute temperature at
constant volume is known as specific heat at constant volume
(Cv).
• Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (CP): The rate of change of
enthalpy with respect to absolute temperature when pressure
is constant is known as specific heat at constant pressure (Cp).
 Zeroth Law

If two systems (say A and B) are in thermal equilibrium with a

third system (say C) separately (that is A and C are in thermal
equilibrium; B and C are in thermal equilibrium) then they
are in thermal equilibrium themselves (that is A and B will be
in thermal equilibrium…

T = Temperature
A,B,C = Systems
 First Law of Thermodynamics
•When a system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle, the
net heat supplied to the system from the surroundings is
equal to net work done by the system on its surrounding.
•Conservation Law of Energy: Energy is neither created
nor destroyed but only transformed from one form to
another.
•No machine can produce energy without corresponding
expenditure of energy, i.e. it is impossible to construct a
perpetual motion machine of first kind.
This laws do not have mathematical proof. They are consequent from
experimental observation and are based on logical reasoning.
 Heat and Work Transfer

•The net energy transfer will be stored in the system .

•Energy in storage is neither heat or work.
•This is given the name internal energy or simply the energy of the
system
"Kelvin-Plank Statement of Second Law
“It is impossible for any device that operates in a
cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and
produce a net amount of work.”

A heat engine that violates the Kelvin

Planck statement

No heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of 100%.

Clausius Statement of Second Law
“It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a
cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of
heat from a lower temperature body to a higher
temperature body.”

A refrigerator that violates the

Clausius statement
 System
• System: System is the fixed quantity of
matter and/or the region that can be
separated from everything else by a well-
defined boundary/surface.
• The system can be classified as;
1. Closed system

2. Open system

3. Isolated system
Closed system

• In this system no mass transfer across the system

boundary. But energy, in form of heat or work,
can across the boundary.
Open system

• In this system mass as well as energy transfer

across the boundary of the system.

• Most of the engineering devices are generally

open system.
Isolated system

• In this system, fixed mass and fixed energy, and

there is no mass or energy transfer across the
system boundary.
Homogeneous systems

A system which consist of a single phase is termed

as homogeneous system.

1. water + steam
2. Water + ice
3. Water + oil
Heterogeneous systems

A system which consist of a Two or more phases is

termed as heterogeneous system.

1. mixture of air and water vapour

2. Water + nitric acid
3. Octane + heptane
Thermodynamic properties

• Any characteristic of the system by which its

physical condition may be described is called
properties of system.
• The properties may be classified as;

1. (I) Intensive properties

(II) Extensive properties
2. (I) Intrinsic properties
(II) Extrinsic properties
• Intensive properties:
These properties do not depend on the mass of the
system. Examples : Temperature and pressure.
• Extensive properties:
These properties depend on the mass of the
system. Example : Volume.
• Intrinsic properties:
These properties values do not depend on any
external reference. Examples : Temperature and
pressure.
• Extrinsic properties:
These properties values depend on any external
reference. Examples : Weight, height and velocity.
Examples of thermodynamic properties

Sr. no. Extensive Intensive

properties properties

1. Mass, m (Kg) Temp., T(oC), Pressure, P(N/m2)

2. Volume, V (m3) Specific volume, v (m3/kg)

3. Total energy, E (kJ) Specific total energy, e (kJ/kg)

4. Internal energy, U (kJ) Specific internal energy, u (kJ/kg)

5. Enthalpy, H (kJ) Specific Enthalpy, h (kJ/kg)