R. Srinivas, Asst.

Professor, BITS-Pilani, Pilani Campus

Outline
 Introduction
 Force exerted by fluid jet on plates
 Stationary flat plate
 Moving flat plate
 Force exerted by fluid jet on vanes
 Stationary curved vane
 Moving curved vane
Introduction
 Jet of fluid emerging from nozzle has some velocity
and hence it possesses kinetic energy
 When it strikes an obstruction, it exerts force (known
as hydrodynamic force) on the obstruction
 A dynamic force is exerted by virtue of fluid motion
resulting in change of momentum
 Therefore, impulse-momentum principle may be
utilized to evaluate the hydrodynamic force exerted on
a body by a fluid jet
Agenda of this chapter
A fluid jet is any fluid phenomena that is
characterized by a relatively high speed fluid issuing
from an orifice or pipe into an environment.
 A free fluid jet is the most general case where the jet
issues into an unconfined environment, an aircraft’s
turbofan engine being the best known example of this.
 Forces exerted by free jets on stationary and moving
plates or vanes of different shapes
 Nozzle has a shape that can be designed to control the
flow rate and speed of the exhaust, while an orifice is
just a hole.
An example
Force exerted by fluid jet on a
stationary flat plate
 Consider a jet striking a flat plate that may be
perpendicular or inclined to the direction of the jet.
 Neglect the friction b/w jet and plate
 This plate may be moving in the initial direction of
the jet.
 Assume that there is no energy loss in flow due to
impact of fluid jet
 Difference in elevation b/w incoming and outgoing jets is
neglected, then jet will move on and off the plate with
same velocity V
 It is helpful to consider components of the velocity and
force vectors perpendicular and parallel to the surface of
the plate.
Jet diameter = d
Velocity = V
After striking the plate the jet will leave it tangentially
 Component of velocity of jet in the original direction after
striking jet will be zero
 Applying impulse-momentum equation (change
in momentum of an object equals the impulse applied to
it), force exerted by stationary plate on the jet of fluid in
the direction normal to the plate
-F = waV/g (0-V)
 Negative sign for the force has been considered because the
exerted by plate on jet is in negative x-direction.
 Force exerted by jet on the plate is equal and opposite and
acts in positive x-direction
Stationary inclined flat plate
 Stationary smooth plate inclined at an angle θ, jet
diameter is d and velocity is V.
 Taking similar assumptions, velocity of jet fluid after
striking the plate in tangential direction is V.
 The general term of the jet velocity component
normal to the plate can be written as:
•In the direction parallel to the plate, the force exerted will depend
upon the shear stress between the fluid and the surface of the plate.

•For ideal fluid there would be no shear stress and hence no force
parallel to the plate
What is work done in both cases?
 In both the cases, since the plate is held stationary, the
work done by the force exerted by the jet on the plate
is zero
Force exerted by fluid jet on a
moving flat plate
 Consider a jet of water issuing from a nozzle strikes a
flat vertical moving plate

 Let V= velocity of jet

u= velocity of plate
a= cross-sectional area of jet
ρ= density of water
 Actual velocity with which jet strikes the plate is equal
to relative velocity between jet and plate
 Initial velocity of jet with which the jet strikes the plate
in the direction of jet= V-u
 Final velocity of jet after striking the plate in the
direction of jet= 0
(As the jet moves tangential to the plate after striking)
Assumptions: No frictional resistance, no impact losses,
small difference in elevation b/w incoming and outgoing
jets is neglected. Thus, jet leaving the plate will have the
velocity equal to V-u.
 Mass flow rate m= ρa (v-u)
 Force exerted by the jet on the moving plate
F=m [initial velocity- final velocity]
F= ρa (v-u) [(v-u)-0]
 Force exerted by the jet F= ρa (v-u)2
 Work done by the jet per unit time= Force of jet x
distance moved per unit time, i.e. Force of jet x velocity
of moving plate= F x u
Is the earlier case practically
feasible?
Cont…
 NO: Because the distance between the plate and nozzle will
be constantly increasing at the rate of u per second, which
in turn would require a continuous lengthening of nozzle
of the jet at this rate in order to strike the plate
 This can be avoided if instead of single plate, there is a
continuous series of plates, arranged at a fixed distance
apart so that each plate moving with a velocity u, may
appear successively before the same position, and all
moving in the same direction as jet
 Condition can be accomplished if a number of flat smooth
plates are mounted radially at equal spacing on the
periphery of a large wheel, which is capable of rotating in a
vertical plate
Cont…
 See the figure. Jet of diameter d and velocity V strike
the wheel tangentially at its lower edge; such that
bottom-most vertical plate is impinged at its center.
 Impact of jet will push the plate in the same direction
as jet and its position will be occupied by another plate
in succession.
 This way, wheel will commence revolving at constant
angular speed
 Corresponding to angular speed, let u be tangential
velocity of wheel along the center of plates, which will
be velocity of plates as well.
Cont…
 In this case, since the plates face the jet normally one after the
other, it is as if one plate is always in the vertical position to
intercept the jet.
 Hence entire fluid issuing from the nozzle will strike the plates
when all the plates the considered. Therefore, mass of fluid
striking the plate is

Mass of fluid striking the plates m = waV/g

Same equations and assumptions
Work done by the jet per second will be output of the jet = F x u =
waV (V-u)u/g
Kinetic energy supplied by the jet per second will be input of the
jet to the wheel
Input of jet = ½ (waV)V2/g
 Efficiency= output power/input power
 η= ρa (V-u)2 u/ (0.5ρa (V-u) v2
 η = 2(V-u)u/V2
 Condition for maximum efficiency dη/du = 0
 which gives u = 0.5V
 Therefore maximum η = 50%
Force exerted by fluid jet on a
moving flat plate (inclined)
 Consider a jet of water issuing from a nozzle with a velocity
‘V’
 It strikes an inclined flat plate moving with a velocity ‘u’

 It strikes the plate with relative velocity ‘Vr’ = V-u

 The jet after striking the plate moves tangentially with a
velocity ‘Vr’
 Now resolving Vr normal and
along the plate
 From the figure
 Velocity normal to plate = Vr sinθ
 Velocity along the plate = Vr cosθ
 Normal force exerted by the jet
Fn = mass x change in velocity normal to the plate
= m (initial velocity – final velocity)
= m (Vr sinθ- 0)
= m Vr sinθ
 Fn= m (V-u) sinθ
= ρa (V-u) (V-u) sinθ
= ρa (V-u)2 sinθ

Horizontal component of this force

FH= Fn sin θ = ρa (V-u)2 sin2θ

Vertical component of this normal force

FV= Fn cos θ = ρa (V-u)2 sinθcosθ
Problems
 A jet of water 75 mm diameter having a velocity of 20
m/s, strikes normally a flat smooth plate. Determine
the thrust on the plate (a) if the plate is at rest, (b) if
the plate is moving in the same direction as the jet
with a velocity of 5 m/s. Also find the work done per
second on the plate in each case and the efficiency of
the jet when the plate is moving.
Problems
 A 50 mm diameter jet is having a velocity of 25 m/s,
strikes a flat plate, the normal of which is inclined at
300 to the axis of the jet. Calculate the normal force
exerted on the plate (a) when the plate is stationary,
(b) when the plate is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s
in the direction of the jet. Find also the work done and
the efficiency of the jet when the plate is moving.
Problems
 A jet of water 75 mm in diameter having a velocity of
20 m/s strikes a series of flat plates arranged around
the periphery of a wheel such that each plate appears
successively before the jet. If the plates are moving at a
velocity of 5 m/s, compute the force exerted by the jet
on the plate, the work done per second on the plate
and the efficiency of the jet.
Problem
A jet of water from a fixed nozzle has a diameter d of 25mm
and strikes a flat plate at angle u of 30o to the normal to
the plate. The velocity of the jet v is 5m/s, and the
surface of the plate can be assumed to be frictionless.
Calculate the force exerted normal to the plate
(a) if the plate is stationary.
(b) if the plate is moving with velocity u of 2m/s in the same
direction as the jet
Solution
Problem
A 5cm diameter jet having a velocity of 25m/s strikes a
flat plate, the normal of which is inclined at 30o to the
axis of jet. Calculate the normal force exerted on the
plate when the plate is moving with a velocity of 10m/s
in the direction of jet. Also, find the work done and
efficiency?
Solution
 The normal force on the plate, Fn= ρa (V-u)2 sinθ
= 382N
 The component of force in the direction of jet
Fx= Fn sinθ = 330.8 N

 Work done by jet, W = Fx . U

= 3308W
 Energy supplied = kinetic energy of jet = 0.5 (wav/g)v2
= 15313.41 N-m/sec

 Therefore efficiency = 3308/ 15313.41

= 21.6 %
FORCE EXERTED BY A FLUID JET ON
A STATIONARY CURVED VANE
Important terms
 A broad blade attached to a rotating axis or wheel which
pushes or is pushed by wind or water and forms part of a
machine or device such as a windmill, propeller, or turbine.
 Propeller is a mechanical device for propelling a boat or
aircraft, consisting of a revolving shaft with two or more
broad, angled blades attached to it. A propeller is a type of
fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion
into thrust. A pressure difference is produced between the
forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blade, and a
fluid is accelerated behind the blade.
 Impeller: Rotating part of a centrifugal pump, compressor,
or other machine designed to move a fluid by rotation.
Propeller
Impeller
Force exerted by jet on
symmetrical curved plate/ vane
 A jet of water from a nozzle of diameter ‘d’, strikes with
a velocity ‘V’
 It strikes a smooth symmetrical fixed curved plate at
the center on the concave side as shown in figure
 After striking the vane at its both ends, the velocity of
leavings jets will be V
 Let 2θ be the angle between two tangents drawn to the
vane at its outlet tips.
 Jet leaves the vane tangentially and deflected through
an angle 1800- θ
 V= velocity of jet
 a= area of the jet
 Θ= outlet angle of the jet
 ρ = density of water
 m= mass flow rate of water jet

 In x- direction, i.e. in the direction of the jet

initial velocity of jet = V

final velocity = -V cosθ (since in opposite direction )

 In y- direction i.e. in the direction perpendicular to jet

Initial velocity V= 0
final velocity V= V sin θ
 Force exerted by the jet in the direction of jet
 Fx = mass flow rate (initial velocity – final velocity)
= m (V-(-V cos θ)
 = mV (1+cos θ)
= ρav.v (1+ cos θ)
Fx= pav2 [1+cos θ]

 Force exerted in y- direction

Fy= m [0 – v sin θ]
= ρav [-v sin θ]= - ρav2sin θ
Force exerted by jet on an
unsymmetrical fixed curved plate
 Jet is striking at one end tangentially and leaving the
other end tangentially
 V= velocity of jet
 a= cross sectional area of the jet
 Θ= angle made by jet with x-axis at inlet or blade angle
inlet
 Φ = angle made by jet with x- axis at outlet or blade
outlet
 ρ = density of water
 m= mass flow rate of water jet
 Jet velocity at inlet can be resolved as shown below
 In x- direction V1x = V cos θ
 In y- direction V1y = V sin θ

 Jet velocity at outlet can be resolved as shown below

 In x- direction V2x = -V cos θ
 In y- direction V2y = V sin θ
 Force exerted in x- direction
 Fx= mass ( initial velocity – final velocity in x-
direction)
 Fx= m [V1x- V2x]
=ρav [V cosθ – (- V cosφ )]
= ρav2 [cosθ + cosφ ]
 Similarly, Fy = ρav2 [sinθ - sinφ]
 For symmetrical curved vane θ = φ, hence Fy = 0
Force exerted by jet on moving
curved plate (centrally)
 A jet of water issuing from a nozzle with a velocity ‘V’
strikes a moving curved plate at center.
 Velocity of plate=u and the blade angle is θ.
 The blade is symmetrical about its axis.
 Jet strikes the plate with relative velocity ‘Vr’ and
leaves the blade with same velocity.
 After striking the blade, the jet is deflected through an
angle of 180- θ.
 Initial velocity of jet striking the blade = Vr
 The final velocity of jet in the direction of motion = -
Vr cos θ, where –ve sign is use because the direction is
in the opposite direction to the initial velocity.
 Force exerted by the jet on the plate = m (change in velocity
in jet direction )
= mass (initial velocity in the direction of jet – final velocity
in the direction of jet)
Fx = m (Vr-(-Vr cos θ))= m (Vr+Vr cos θ)= m Vr(1+cos θ)
Fx= ρa Vr x Vr (1 + cos θ)= ρa (Vr)2(1 + cos θ)
= ρa (V-u)2(1 + cos θ)
 Work done = Force exerted x distance moved per unit time
= (Fx) x (u)
 Efficiency = work done/ energy supplied
 Energy supplied= mv2/2
 Efficiency = (2Fx.u)/ mv2
2
2ρ𝑎 𝑉−𝑢
 i.e. η = (1+ cosθ)
mv2
Is this case practically feasible?
 NO. Because the distance between vane and the nozzle
issuing the jet will be constantly increasing at the rate
of u per second, which requires continuous
lengthening of jet.
 We must consider a series of such vanes arranged at
equal spacing on the periphery of a large wheel which
is capable of rotating in a vertical plane
 As wheel rotates, each vane will become normal to jet
in turn, so that entire fluid of incoming jet issued from
nozzle will be utilized in striking the vanes
Force exerted by jet striking
moving vane at one of its tips
 Vr represents the relative velocity between the jet and the
vane at the entrance, its magnitude can be found by
subtracting vectors V and u.
 Refer to Fig. draw ab to represent the velocity V in
magnitude and direction
 Draw ac to represent the velocity u in magnitude and
direction
 Then cb represent the relative velocity Vr between the jet
and the vane in magnitude and direction
 In order that the jet may enter vane smoothly without
shock, cb must be parallel to the tangent to the vane at its
inlet tip.
Cont…
 Triangle abc is known as velocity triangle at inlet tip, in
which the absolute velocity of the jet V is the resultant
of the velocity of the vane u and the relative velocity
Vr.
 Same assumptions. Hence jet will leave the vane with
relative velocity Vr.
 The absolute velocity of leaving jet may be found by
drawing velocity triangles at the outlet tip of the vane
 Refer to Fig., draw df to represent the relative velocity
Vr1 in magnitude and direction
 Vr1 should be parallel to the tangent to the vane at its
outlet tip
 Draw fe to represent to the same scale, the velocity u in
magnitude and direction
 Then de represent the absolute velocity V1 of the
leaving jet which is resultant of relative velocity of
leaving jet Vr1 and the velocity of the vane u; and
triangle def is called the velocity triangle at the outlet
tip of the vane
Cont…
 Velocity of entering jet can be resolved into two
components. ag represents the component of V
parallel to the direction of motion of vane (Vw) and is
known as whirl at inlet
 bg represents component of velocity V perpendicular
to the direction of motion of the vane (Vf) and is
known as velocity of flow at inlet
 Similarly, V1 is resolved into two components, where
eh (Vw1) is parallel (whirl at outlet) and dh (Vf1) is
perpendicular component (flow at outlet)
Cont…
 α = angle at which jet strikes the vane
 θ = blade angle (angle between directions of velocities
Vr and u)
 β = angle between direction of absolute velocity of jet
leaving the vane and direction of motion of vane
 φ = blade angle (angle between Vr1 and u)
Force exerted by jet striking
moving vane at one of its tips
 Inlet velocity triangle
 V1 = absolute velocity of jet at inlet
 α = angle at which jet enters the vane
 θ = blade angle at inlet
 Vr1 = relative velocity at inlet
 Vr2 = whirl velocity at inlet
 Vf1 = velocity of flow at inlet
 Outlet velocity triangle
 φ = blade angle at outlet
 Vr2= relative velocity at outlet
 Vf2 = velocity of flow at outlet
 Vw2 = velocity of whirl at outlet
 V2 = velocity of jet leaving the vane
 Mass of fluid striking the vane per sec (m)= density x
area x velocity = ρa (Vr1)
 Velocity component (Vr1) at inlet in the direction of
motion of vane = (Vw1 –u)
 Velocity component (Vr2) at outlet in the direction of
motion vane = - (u + Vw2)
 Applying impulse-momentum equation:
Force exerted on the vane in the direction of motion of
vane is Fx
 Fx = ρa (Vr1)[(Vw1 –u) –(-(u+Vw2))]= m (Vw1 + Vw2)
 Fx = m (Vw1+Vw2) or m (Vw1-Vw2), -sign when β >
90⁰
 Vw2 = when β = 90⁰
 β = 90⁰ for radial outlet
 Relative velocity at inlet (Vr1) and relative velocity at
outlet (Vr2) in the direction of motion of vane causes
the momentum in x direction.
Is this case practically feasible?
 No. But it can be made feasible by having a series of
vanes fixed radially to the rim of a wheel. Such types of
wheels are usually provided for radial flow in hydraulic
turbines and centrifugal pumps
RADIAL FLOW: Fluid particle during its flow through
the vane of the rotating wheel remain in a plane normal
to the axis of rotation and its distance from the axis of
rotation is continuously changing
TANGENTIAL FLOW: The distance of fluid particle
from axis of rotation remains the same, as it flows
through the vanes of rotating wheel
RADIAL FLOW
TANGENTIAL FLOW
Cont…
 In case of tangential flow, the action of jet on the vanes can
be determined by applying impulse-momentum equation
 In case of radial flow, since the distance of fluid particle
from the axis of rotation varies along its path of flow, the
same has to be taken into account while computing the
action of jet on the vanes
 Hence, instead of finding the force by impulse-momentum
equation, the action of jet on the vanes for radial flow is
determined by evaluating the torque produced on the
vanes based on angular momentum principle
Torque: Measure of the force that can cause
an object to rotate about an axis
Problem
A jet of water moving at 20 m/s impinges on a
symmetrical curved vane shaped to deflect the jet
through 1200 (that is the vane angles are equal to 300). If
the vane is moving at 5 m/s, find the angle of the jet so
that there is no shock at inlet. Also determine the
absolute velocity of exit in magnitude and direction, and
the work done.
Problem
 A jet discharges 0.15 m3/s of water with velocity of 70 m/s
impinges without shock on a series of curved vanes which
move in the same direction as the jet. The shape of each
vane is such that it would deflect the jet through an angle
of 1500. Surface friction reduces the relative velocity by 8
percent as the water passes across the vanes and there is a
further windage loss equivalent to (0.5 u2/2g) N.m per N of
water, u being the vane velocity. Find:
a. The velocity of vanes corresponding to maximum
efficiency
b. The value of this efficiency
c. Corresponding force on vanes in the direction of vanes
d. The power of this arrangement
Windage losses refers to the losses sustained by a
machine due to the resistance offered by air to the
rotation of the shaft. Windage Losses occurs in electric
rotating machines such as motors and generators.
Problem
A jet of water having a velocity of 45 m/s impinges
without shock series of vanes moving at 15 m/s, in the
direction of motion of the vanes being inclined at 200 to
that of the jet. The relative velocity at outlet is 0.9 of that
at inlet, and the absolute velocity of the water at exit is to
be normal to motion of the vanes. Find: (a) vane angles
at entrance and exit; (b) work done on vanes per unit
weight of water supplied by the jet; and (c) the hydraulic
efficiency.
Problem
 A jet of water of 7.5cm strikes a curved plate at its
center with a velocity of 20m/sec. The curved plate is
moving with a velocity of 8m/sec in the direction of
jet. The jet is deflected through an angle of 1650. Find
a. Force exerted on the plate in the direction of jet.
b. Power of jet, and
c. Efficiency of jet
a. Force exerted by jet, Fx = (w/g)a (v-u)2 [1+cosθ]=
9810/9.81 x 0.004417 x (20-8)2 [1+cos 15]= 1250.38N
b. Work done, W = Fx x u = 1250.38 x 8 = 10003.04 N-
m/sec = 10KW
c. Efficiency, η = (work done/sec)/ kinetic energy
supplied/sec
= 1250.38 x 8 / 0.5(9810 x 0.994417) x 203= 56.4%
THANK YOU