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ENG 501 LITERARY THEORY

 HISTORY:
 PROFEMINST: Discussion of women’s rights
before the beginning of the feminist
movement.

 Plato,Christine de Pizan (1364 – c. 1430),


Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa and Modesta di
Pozzo di Forzi (16th century)

 Age of Enlightenment: 18th century


(secular intellectual reasoning)
 Jeremy Bentham (1781), Marquis de Condorcet
(1790), and Mary Wollstonecraft(1792)
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
is one of the first works that can be called
feminist.

 Wollstonecraft: believed that both genders


contributed to inequality.

 Sheasserted that both men and women


would require education to ensure the
necessary changes in social attitudes.
 Formany critics, Wollstonecraft represents
the first codification of equality feminism, or
a refusal of the feminine role in society.

 19th-century feminists : cultural inequities


found in the Victorian image of women's
"proper" role and sphere.
 The Victorian dichotomy: separate
spheres/spaces for men and women
 Men occupy the public sphere(politics)
 women he private sphere (home and
children.)
 The Cult of Domesticity:

 Victorian
conduct books such as Mrs Beeton's
Book of Household Management

 Sarah Stickney Ellis's books

 TheAngel in the House (1854) Coventry


Patmore
 1883: a British India bill proposed Indian
judicial jurisdiction to try British criminals

 Bengali women in support of the bill


responded by claiming that they were more
educated than the English women opposed to
the bill, and noted that more Indian women
had degrees than British women at the time.
 Elizabeth
Blackwell: one of the first
American women to graduate in medicine
(1849)

 lecturedin Britain with Langham support and


eventually took her degree in France

a small group of very determined women


were beginning to influence the political and
professional contexts.
 19th- and early 20th-century feminist activity
in the English-speaking world that sought to

 winwomen's suffrage,
 female education rights,
 better working conditions,
 and abolition of gender double standards

 The term "first-wave" was coined


retrospectively when the term second-wave
feminism was used to describe a newer
feminist movement
 Mid-19th century Persia, Táhirih was active as a
poet and religious reformer,
 Recorded as proclaiming the equality of women
at her execution. She inspired later generations
of Iranian feminists.
 Louise Dittmar campaigned for women's rights, in
Germany, in the 1840s
 Fusae Ichikawa: the first wave of women's
activists in her own country of Japan
campaigning for women's suffrage.
 Mary Lee was active in the suffrage movement in
South Australia, the first Australian colony to
grant women the vote in 1894. In New Zealand,
Kate Sheppard and Mary Ann Müller worked to
achieve the vote for women by 1893
 First-wave feminism in the United States
ended with the passage of the Nineteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution
(1920), which granted white women the right
to vote in the United States.

 The second wave of feminists strongly


protested social and cultural inequalities
beyond basic political inequalities
 Sarah and Angelina Grimké moved rapidly
from the emancipation of slaves to the
emancipation of women.
 Margaret Fuller: very prominent feminist
whose Woman in the Nineteenth Century
was published in 1845.

 Herdispatches from Europe for the New York


Tribune helped create to synchronize the
women's rights movement
 1848,Mott and Stanton held a woman's rights
convention in Seneca Falls, New York, where
a declaration of independence for women
was drafted

 1850:
Lucy Stone organized the first National
Women's Rights Convention

 December 1851, Sojourner Truth contributed


to the feminist movement when she spoke at
the Women’s Convention in Akron, Ohio.
 By 1913, Feminism (originally capitalized) was a
household term in the United States.
 Organizations at the time included the
 National Woman's Party, suffrage advocacy
groups such as the National American Woman
Suffrage Association
 National League of Women Voters,
 American Association of University Women
(career associations),
 National Federation of Business and Professional
Women's Clubs,
 National Women's Trade Union League,
 Women's International League for Peace and
Freedom
 The International Council of Women,
 gender-centered organizations like the National
Association of Colored Women.
 Florence Nightingale:inspired many
women to believe that women had
all the potential of men

 Feministsdid not recognize separate


waves of feminism until the second
wave was so named by journalist
Martha Lear, according to Jennifer
Baumgardner.
 Second-wave feminism is a period of
feminist activity and thought that first began
in the early 1960s in the United States.

 While first-wave feminism focused mainly on


suffrage and overturning legal obstacles to
gender equality, (voting rights and property
rights), second-wave feminism broadened
the debate to a wide range of issues:
sexuality, family, the workplace,
reproductive rights, and official legal
inequalities.
 Second-wave feminism also drew attention
to domestic violence and marital rape issues,
establishment of rape crisis and battered
women's shelters, and changes in custody
and divorce law.

 Feminist-owned business such as bookstores,


credit unions, and restaurants were among
the key meeting spaces and economic
engines of the movement.[2]
 1940s: French writer Simone de Beauvoir
women being perceived as "other" in the
patriarchal society.

 1949 :The Second Sex : established that


male-centered ideology was being accepted
as a norm and enforced by the ongoing
development of myths

 This book was translated from French to


English (with some of its text excised) and
published in America in 1953.[6]
 Kennedy also established a Presidential
Commission on the Status of Women, chaired
by Eleanor Roosevelt and comprising cabinet
officials (including Peterson and Attorney
General Robert F. Kennedy), senators,
representatives, businesspeople,
psychologists, sociologists, professors,
activists, and public servants.
 The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman
Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary
Imagination :1979 book by Sandra Gilbert and
Susan Gubar
 They examine Victorian
 literature from a
 feminist perspective.
 Sandra M. Gilbert (born December 27, 1936),

Professor Emerita of English at the University


of California
American literary critic and poet who has
published in the fields of feminist literary
criticism, feminist theory, and psychoanalytic
criticism.
Sandra M.Gilbert
 B. A.-Cornell University,
 M. A.-New York University,
 Ph.D. in English literature-Columbia
University in 1968.
 She has taught at California State University,
Hayward, Williams College, Johns Hopkins
University, Stanford University, and Indiana
University. She held the C. Barnwell Straut
Chair of English at Princeton University from
1985 until 1989.[4]
 Susan D. Gubar (born November 30, 1944)[2]
is an American author and distinguished
Professor Emerita of English and Women's
Studies at Indiana University
 She is best known for co-authoring, with
Sandra M. Gilbert, a standard feminist text,
The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman
Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary
Imagination (1979) and a trilogy on women's
writing in the 20th century.
 Gubar joined the faculty of Indiana
University in 1973, at a time when there
were three female professors among the 70
in its English department.[1]
 Gubar and Gilbert edited the Norton
Anthology of Literature by Women: The
Traditions in English, published in 1985 .Both
of them were included among Ms.’s women
of the year in 1986.[1]
 Her book Judas: A Biography, was published
in 2009 by W.W. Norton . Her other writings
include essays on the relationship between
Judaism and feminism, and the role of
poetry in Holocaust remembrance.[3]

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