Auto Transformer Starter

• An Auto transformer Starter is suitable for

both star and delta connected motors.

• In this method, the starting current is limited

by using a three-phase auto transformer to
reduce the initial stator applied voltage.

• The figure below shows the motor with

the Auto transformer starter.
It is provided with a number of tappings.
• The starter is connected to one particular
tapping to obtain the most suitable starting
voltage.
• A double throw switch S is used to connect
the auto transformer in the circuit for starting.
• When the handle H of the switch S in
the START position.
• The primary of the auto transformer is
connected to the supply line, and the motor is
connected to the secondary of the auto
transformer.
• When the motor picks up the speed of about
80 percent of its rated value, the handle H is
quickly moved to the RUN position.
• Thus, the auto transformer is disconnected
from the circuit, and the motor is directly
connected to the line and achieve its full rated
voltage.
• The handle is held in the RUN position by the
under voltage relay.
•
• If the supply voltage fails or falls below a
certain value, the handle is released and
returns to the OFF position.

• Thermal overload relays provide the overload

protection.
Theory of Auto transformer Starter
• Ze10 is the equivalent standstill impedance per
phase of the motor referred to the stator side

• V1 is the supply voltage per phase.

• With auto transformer starting, if a
tapping of the transformer ratio x is used,
then the voltage per phase across the
motor is xV1. Therefore, at the starting,
the motor current is given by the
equation.
 Speed Control Methods Of Induction
Motor
• An induction motor is practically a constant speed
motor, that means, for the entire loading range, change
in speed of the motor is quite small.
• Speed of a DC shunt motor can be varied very easily
with good efficiency, but in case of Induction motors,
speed reduction is accompanied by a corresponding
loss of efficiency and poor power factor.
• As induction motors are widely being used, their speed
control may be required in many
applications. Different speed control methods of
induction motor are explained below.
• 1. By Changing The Applied Voltage:

2. By Changing The Applied Frequency

3. Constant V/F Control Of Induction Motor

4. Changing The Number Of Stator Poles

• Speed Control From Rotor Side:

1. Rotor Rheostat Control

2. Cascade Operation

3. By Injecting EMF In Rotor Circuit

 Crawling and Cogging of Induction
Motor

• The important characteristics normally shown

by a squirrel cage induction motors are
crawling and cogging.
• These characteristics are the result of
improper functioning of the motor that means
either motor is running at very slow speed or
it is not taking the load.
 Crawling of Induction Motor
• It has been observed that squirrel cage type
induction motor has a tendency to run at very
low speed compared to its synchronous
speed, this phenomenon is known as crawling.
• The resultant speed is nearly 1/7th of its
synchronous speed.
• Now the question arises why this happens?
• This action is due to the fact that
harmonics fluxes produced in the gap of
the stator winding of odd harmonics like
3rd, 5th, 7th etc. These harmonics create
additional torque fields in addition to the
synchronous torque.
• The torque produced by these harmonics
rotates in the forward or backward direction
at Ns/3, Ns/5, Ns/7 speed respectively.

• Here we consider only 5th and 7th harmonics

and rest are neglected.

• 3rd harmonics are absent in a balanced 3-

phase system. Hence 3rdd harmonics do not
produce rotating field and torque.
• The total motor torque now consist three
components as:
• (i) the fundamental torque with
synchronous speed Ns,
• (ii) 5th harmonic torque with synchronous
speed Ns/5,
• (iv) 7th harmonic torque with synchronous
speed Ns/7
• Now, 5th harmonic currents will have phase
difference of 5 X 120 = 600° =2 X 360 - 120 = -
120°.

• Hence the revolving speed set up will be in

reverse direction with speed Ns/5.

• Now, 7th harmonic currents will have phase

difference of 7 X 120 = 840° =2 X 360 + 120 =
120°.
• Hence the revolving speed set up will be in
Forward direction with speed Ns/7.
 Cogging (Magnetic Locking Or Teeth
Locking)
• Sometimes, the rotor of a squirrel cage induction
motor refuses to start at all, particularly if the supply
voltage is low.
• This happens especially when number of rotor teeth is
equal to number of stator teeth, because of magnetic
locking between the stator teeth and the rotor teeth.
• When the rotor teeth and stator teeth face each other,
the reluctance of the magnetic path is minimum, that
is why the rotor tends to remain fixed.
• This phenomenon is called cogging or magnetic locking
of induction motor.
 Single Phase Motor Schematics And
Working

• Single phase motors are very widely used in

home, offices, workshops etc.

• as power delivered to most of the houses and

offices is single phase. In addition to this, single
phase motors are reliable, cheap in cost, simple
in construction and easy to repair.
•
• Single phase electric motors can be classified
as:
• Single phase induction motor (Split phase,
Capacitor and shaded pole etc)

• Single phase synchronous motor

• Repulsion motor etc.

 Single Phase Induction Motor

• Construction of a single phase induction

motor is similar to the construction of three
phase induction motor having squirrel cage
rotor, except that the stator is wound for
single phase supply.
• Stator is also provided with a 'starting
winding' which is used only for starting
purpose.
 Working Principle Of Single Phase
Induction Motor
• When the stator of a single phase motor is fed
with single phase supply, it produces
alternating flux in the stator winding.

• The alternating current flowing through stator

winding causes induced current in the rotor
bars (of the squirrel cage rotor ) according
to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
• This induced current in the rotor will also
produce alternating flux.

• However, if the rotor is given a initial

start by external force in either direction,
then motor accelerates to its final speed
and keeps running with its rated speed.
Why Single Phase Induction Motor Is
Not Self Starting?

• The stator of a single phase induction motor is

wound with single phase winding.

• When the stator is fed with a single phase

supply, it produces alternating flux (which
alternates along one space axis only).
 Double-Field Revolving Theory

• According to this theory, any alternating

quantity can be resolved into two rotating
components which rotate in opposite
directions and each having magnitude as half
of the maximum magnitude of the alternating
quantity.
• Alternating flux acting on a squirrel cage
rotor can not produce rotation,
only revolving flux can. That is why a
single phase induction motor is not self
starting.
How To Make Single Phase Induction
Motor Self Starting?
• To make it self-starting, it can be temporarily
converted into a two-phase motor while
starting.

• This can be achieved by introducing an

additional 'starting winding' also called as
auxillary winding.
• Hence, stator of a single phase motor has
two windings: (i) Main winding and (ii)
Starting winding (auxiliary winding).

• These two windings are connected in

parallel across a single phase supply and
are spaced 90 electrical degrees apart.
• Phase difference of 90 degree can be
achieved by connecting a capacitor in
series with the starting winding.

• Hence the motor behaves like a two-

phase motor and the stator produces
revolving magnetic field which causes
rotor to run.
• Once motor gathers speed, say upto 80 or
90% of its normal speed, the starting winding
gets disconnected form the circuit by means
of a centrifugal switch, and the motor runs
only on main winding.
• In case of single phase induction motors, the
stator winding produces an alternating
magnetic field having maximum magnitude of
Φ1m.
• The Fig. 1 shows the stator flux and its
two components Φf and Φb.

• At start both the components are shown

opposite to each other in the Fig.1(a).

• Thus the resultant ΦR = 0.

• This is nothing but the instantaneous
value of the stator flux at start.
• After 90o , as shown in the Fig. 1(b), the
two components are rotated in such a
way that both are pointing in the same
direction.

• Hence the resultant ΦR is the algebraic

sum of the magnitudes of the two
components. So ΦR = (Φ1m/2) + (Φ1m/2)
=Φ1m.
• This is nothing but the instantaneous value of
the stator flux at θ = 90o as shown in the Fig
1(c).

• Both the components are rotating and hence

get cut by the motor conductors. Due to
cutting of flux, e.m.f. gets induced in rotor
which circulates rotor current.
• The rotor current produces rotor flux.
• This flux interacts with forward component
Φf to produce a torque in one particular
direction say anticlockwise direction.

• While rotor flux interacts with backward

component Φb to produce a torque in the
clockwise direction.

• So if anticlockwise torque is positive then

clockwise torque is negative.
• At start these two torque are equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction.

• Each torque tries to rotate the rotor in its own

direction.

• Thus net torque experienced by the rotor is

zero at start. And hence the single phase
induction motors are not self starting.
•