SEMINAR ON

NEXT GENERATION ENGINES

BY :JAGADEESH C
USN:3NA15ME011
 ABSTRACT

This seminar deals with the recent evolution in SI engines, that is, GDI technology along
with turbo charging and emission control.

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine technology has received considerable attention
over the last few years as a way to significantly improve fuel efficiency without making a
major shift away from conventional internal combustion technology.

 In many respects, GDI technology represents a further step in the natural evolution of
gasoline engine fueling systems.
 GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION
I] INTRODUCTION
Continued drawbacks from the conventional carburetor have tended to develop new
techniques in SI engines.

The consistent draw backs are the higher fuel consumption, greater emissions & lower
output, GDI is the recent technology which is becoming a dominant solution over these
limitations.

The demand for more efficient engines offering reduced fuel consumption but
maintaining high output has been behind the evolution of latest GDI engines.

GDI engines are characterized by injection of fuel at high pressure directly into the
combustion chamber by specially developed injectors.
GDI is attractive to two stroke engine designer because of the inherent ability in cylinder
injection to eliminate the exhaust of uncombusted fuel during the period of overlap in
intake and exhaust valve opening.

Use of gasoline direct injection (GDI) can reduce charge-air temperature while allowing
for higher compression ratios.

Instead of fuel and air mixing prior to entering the cylinder as with typical fuel injection,
GDI uses a high-pressure injector nozzle to spray gasoline directly into the combustion
chamber.

One advantage of GDI is that as the fuel vaporizes, it absorbs energy from the charge.
This “cooling effect” lowers the temperature of the air in the cylinder, thereby reducing its
tendency to detonate.
An example of a GDI system is ¸as shown in Figure.
 Figure 1. A gasoline direct injection (GDI) system

MAJOR OBJECTIVES OF GDI ENGINE

1. Ultra low fuel consumption.

2. Superior power to conventional MPFI engine.

1. The difference between new GDI and current MPFI
For fuel supply, conventional engines use a fuel injection system, which replaced the
carburetion system.

However, even in MPFI engines there are limits to fuel supply response and the
combustion control because the fuel mixes with air before entering the cylinder.
The GDI technology have assisted the engine to acquire certain
outstanding features such as :-
1] Extremely precise control of fuel supply to achieve fuel efficiency that approaches to
that of Diesel engines by enabling combustion of ultra lean mixture.

2] Very efficient intakes and relatively higher compression ratio.

 Technical features
1. Upright straight intake ports for optimal airflow control in the cylinder

2. Curved-top pistons for better combustion

3. High pressure fuel pump to feed pressurized fuel into the injectors

4. High-pressure swirl injectors for optimum air-fuel mixture

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GDI ENGINE

1. LOWER FUEL CONSUMPTION AND HIGHER OUTPUT

A] OPERATING MODES IN GDI ENGINES

1] Stratified operation mode

The engine offers highest amount of fuel savings in the stratified operation mode with a
large amount of excess air.

As the fuel injected is small in quantity control over its injection timing is very important
otherwise homogenization of the same would lead to no or very poor combustion.

Therefore the fuel air mixture is concentrated by strategic injection no earlier than last
third of the upwards movement of the piston .

 The especially economical stratified lean operation mode functions only in the case of
underloads and low speeds (up to 3000 rpm).
2] Homogenous operation mode

 When the GDI engine is operating with higher loads or at higher speeds, fuel injection
takes place during the intake stroke.

 This optimizes combustion by ensuring a homogeneous, cooler air-fuel mixture that

minimized the possibility of engine knocking.

 If the driver requires increased engine performance, the engine controller automatically
switches to the homogenous operation mode.

Now, the fuel is injected into the air in the intake in time with the intake of air so that a
homogenous, easily combustible fuel-air mixture forms within the entire combustion
chamber.
3] Homogenous lean operation mode

 The third operating mode of the engine at higher loads and speeds where stratified
operation is no longer possible is the homogenous lean operating mode.

In terms of performance characteristics, it can be said that this operating mode forms a
belt between the stratified operation and the homogenous operating modes.
B] THE GDI ENGINES FOUNDATION TECHNOLOGIES

 There are four technical features that make up the foundation technology.
1. The Upright Straight Intake Port supplies optimal airflow into the cylinder.

2. The Curved-top Piston controls combustion by helping the air-fuel mixture.

3. The High Pressure Fuel Pump supplies the high pressure needed for direct in-cylinder
injection.
1] In cylinder air flow

 The GDI engine has upright straight intake ports rather than horizontal intake ports
used in conventional engines.

The upright straight intake ports efficiently direct the airflow down at the curved-top
piston, which redirects the airflow into a strong reverse tumble for optimal fuel injection.
3] Piston shape
 The curved-top piston controls the shape of the air-fuel mixture as well as the airflow
inside the combustion chamber, and has an important role in maintaining a compact air
fuel mixture.

The mixture, which is injected late in the compression stroke, is carried toward the spark
plug before it can disperse.
 REALIZATION OF LOWER FUEL CONSUMPTION

(1) Basic Concept

 In conventional gasoline engines, dispersion of an air-fuel mixture with the ideal density
around the spark plug was very difficult.

An engine for analysis purpose has proved that the air-fuel mixture with the optimum
density gathers around the spark plug in a stratified charge.

This is also borne out by analyzing the behavior of the fuel spray immediately before
ignition and the air.
1.Vehicle Fuel Consumption

• Fuel Consumption during Idling

 The GDI engine maintains stable combustion even at low idle speeds.

 Compared to conventional engines, its fuel consumption during idling is 40% less.

 Fuel Consumption during Cruising Drive

 At 40km/h, for example, the GDI engine uses 35% less fuel than a comparably sized
conventional engine.
 Fuel Consumption in City Driving
 The GDI engine used 35% less fuel than comparably sized conventional gasoline
engines.

 Moreover, these results indicate that the GDI engine uses less fuel than even petrol

engines.

 Improved Volumetric Efficiency

 The upright straight intake ports enable smoother air intake.

 And the vaporization of fuel, which occurs in the cylinder at a late stage of the
compression stroke, cools the air for better volumetric efficiency.
3. Achievement

 Engine performance

 Compared to conventional MPI engines of a comparable size, the GDI engine provides
approximately 10% greater outputs and torque at all speeds

 Vehicle Acceleration

 In high-output mode, the GDI engine provides outstanding acceleration.

 The following chart compares the performance of the GDI engine with a conventional
MPI engine.
 SUMMARY

 GDI though developed long before in 1993s, its configuuration and the new new
electronic control are among the top of the new inventions.

Flexibility to adopt changing vehicle requirements is the key benefit of the GDI which
separate it from other conventional engines.

For the emission control Turbocharing and new emission control techniques can be used
for their subsequent regulation and control.

 All the major car manufactures are now shifting towards GDI and MPFI soon is replaced
by it.
THANK YOU