Empirical analysis by utilizing

standard field test

Presuremeter test

• Base on Baguelin, et all 1978 dan Canadian Foundation Engineering

manual 1978, 1985)
• End bearing capacity
Qp = Ap (qo + Kq(PL- Po)
Where qo horizontal at rest in soil of pile tip
kq bearing capacity factor (see grafic): class1 for clay&silts; class 2 for hard clay, dense silt,
loose sand; class 3 for sand and gravel or rock; class 4 for very dense sand and gravel

• Skin Friction
Qs = p Σ fS L
Empirical analysis by utilizing standard field test

1. Standard penetration tests

2. Static cone penetration test (Dutch cone )
3. Presuremeter test
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
• Meyerhof 1956 for displacement pile in sand

N/50 ≤ 1 t/ft2

where Pu is ultimate load (ton)

Np = standar penetration number at pile base
N = average value of N along pile shaft

For small displacement piles

N/100 ≤ 0.5 t/ft2

where Pu is ultimate load

Ab = net sectional area of toe (ft)
As = gross surface area of shaft ( ft2 )

• Bromham and Styles, 1971 also used those two equations for stiff clays with some success
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
• Meyerhof 1976 for displacement pile in sand and gravel

qe = 0.4 N60’ (D/B) σr ≤ 4.0 N60‘σr .. D/B ≥ 10

For nonplastic silt

qe = 0.4 N60’ (D/B) σr ≤ 3.0 N60‘σr .. D/B ≥ 7.5

For skin friction

Large displacement in cohesionless soil
N60‘= CN N60
fs = σr /50 N60 CN = 2/(1+σv’ /σr ) SI unit
Small displacement in cohesionless soil
fs = σr /100 N60
where qe net unit end bearing resistance
fs = unit skin friction resistance
σr = reference stress =2000 lb/ft2 = 100 kPa
σv’ = effective stress at
B = pile diameter
D = pile embedment depth
N60 = SPT N value for field procedures only
N60 ‘ = SPT N value corrected for field procedures and overburden stress
Standard penetration tests
• Meyerhof (1976)
• End bearing
Sand :
Qp = (0.4 N’ /B) Df Ap ≤ 4 N’ Ap
Non plastic silt
Qp = (0.4 N’ /B) Df Ap ≤ 3 N’ Ap
where N’ = average corrected SPT

N’ = CN N ; CN = 0.77(log 20/σv ) dan σv ≥ 0.25 tsf (23.44kPa)

dimana N is average value of SPT close to pile tip

• Friction Qs = p Σ fS L where fs= N’/50 ≤ 1tsf

Where Qp= net unit end bearing resistance
fs = unit skin friction resistance
σv’ = effective stress at
B = pile diameter
Df = pile embedment depth
N = SPT N value for field procedures only
N ‘ = SPT N value corrected for field procedures and overburden stress
AASHTO-LRFD
Example 1
A closed ended 12-in. (300 mm) diameter steel pipe pile is driven into sand to 30-ft (9 m), depth. The water table is at ground surface and sand has 4’ = 36"
and unit weight (y) is 1251b/ft3 (19.8 kN/m3). Estimate the pipe pile's allowable load.

SOLUTION
(a) Average N value near pile tip is 12  (10 + 12 + 14)/3)
(b) Point Bearing (Qp)
σv’ near pile tip = (125 - 62.5) 30 lb/ft2 = 18751b/ft2 = 0.938 tsf
The correction for depth in N values is applied by using equation as follows:
CN = 0.77 log (20/0.938) = 1.02
Therefore, N’= CNN. Then N’= 1.02 x 12 =12
For driven piles

Qp = (0.4N’/B)DfAp ,< 4N’AP

where 0.4N’DfAp/B = 0.4 x 12 x 30 x 0.78511 = 113 tons
4N’Ap = 4 x 12 x 0.785 = 37.7 tons
The lower of these two values will be Q, = 37.7 tons

(c) Shaft Friction (Q,)

Q s = p Σ fS L where fs= N’/50 ≤ 1tsf ; N’ = CN N ; CN = 0.77(log 20/σv )
Average N value along pile shaft = (4 + 6 + 6 + 8 + 10)/5 = 6.8. Use an effective
overburden pressure σv for average depth of L/2 = 30/2 ft. Then σv’ will be half the
above value (σv’= 0.938/2 = 0.469 tsf). Then CN = 0.77 log(20/0.469) = 1.25.
Thus,N’= 6.8 x 1.25 = 8.5.
fs = N’/50 = 8.5/50 = 0.17 tsf (which is less than 1 tsf
Q f = fsx p x L=0.17 x 3.14 x 1 x 30= 16tons

(d) Allowable Bearing Capacity ((Qv)all )

(Qv)ult= Qp + Qf = 37.7 + 16 = 53.7 tons

(Qv)all = (Qv)ult (Q,)/FS = 53.713 = 17.9 tons = 35.8 kips (156 kN)
 Static cone penetration test ( CPT/Dutch cone )

• End bearing
Qp = Ap qc where Ap is pile tip area dan qc is cone penetration resistance

• Friction capacity
Q s = p Σ fS L fs = ultimate shift resitance
CPT

qcdesign = (qc1+qc2+2qc3)/4
where
qc1= average cone resistance over two diameters below pile base.
qc2= minimum cone resistance over two diameters below pile base.
qc3= average of minimum values lower than qc1 over eight diameters above pile
base.
CPT

Source:Piling engineering, 2006

Normalized end-bearing resistance for driven closed-ended piles.

(Annotations by Randolph, 2003.)
qb/qc recommended for closed-ended driven piles range from 0.2 (Jardine and Chow, 1996) to 0.5
(Kraft,1990)
Randolph (2003) has pointed out that the magnitude of end-bearing pressure mobilized within
displacements of 10% of the pile diameter will depend on the magnitude of residual stress locked into
the soil below the pile base during installation, but proposed a design value of 0.4 for qb/qc unless high
residual stresses could be demonstrated
Lehane et al. (2005) proposed qb/qc of 0.6 for closed-ended piles and qb = (0.15+0.45Ar)qc
CPT

Normalized end-bearing pressures for driven open-ended piles

and bored piles
CPT
Side friction coefficient Cs (Eslami &Fellinius, 1997)
CPT
Static cone penetration test (Dutch cone )
Static cone penetration test (Dutch cone )
Example

Side friction coefficient Cs (Eslam &Fellinius, 1997)

Presuremeter test
Presuremeter test
Pile driving formula
• Base on installation equipment, weight
of hammer and height drop of hammer
WH = Qdyn S + ΔΕ
where Qdyn = dynamic resitance of soil pile driving
Δ Ε = energy looses

s is the permanent set of the pile.

c is the elastic, or recoverable, movement of the pile
Pile driving formula

Source:Piling engineering, 2006

Pile driving formula
Pile driving formula
Pile driving formula
Modified Engineering News Formula
Pile driving formula
 (Poulos 1980)

Pile driving formula

Pile driving formula
 Input to Wave Equation Analysis
• Hammer Data
• Hammer input properties are usually well known from a manufacturers’database. In a
driveability analysis, hammer types are selected based on the soil resistance to be overcome.
• Driving System or Appurtenance Data
• The driving system or appurtenance dataconsists of information on hammer cushion, helmet
including striker plate, inserts, adapters, etc. and pile cushion in case of concrete piles.
• Pile Data
• Required pile data consists of total length, cross-sectional area, elasticmodulus and weight,
all as a function of depth.
• Soil Data
• Soil data input requires both an understanding of site-specific soil propertiesand the effects
of pile driving on those properties. Dynamic properties such as dampingand quake are
roughly correlated with soil type.
Drill shaft/
bored pile
Bored pile /Drill shaft
 Bored pile /Drill shaft (SPT data)
End bearing
• Cohesionless soil (sand) • Cohessive soil (clay)
Reese & O’Neill (1989) Reese & O’Neill (1989)
qe = Nc su ≤ 4000 kpa
qe = 0.6 σr N60 ≤ 4500 kpa

where:σr =reference stress = 100kpa Nc = 6[1+0,2(D/B )] ≤ 9

N60 =mean SPT value
qe =net unit end bearing resistance
If shaft diameter ≥ 50’=120 cm :
qer = 4.17 (B/Bb) qe  Bb 120cm
where B = reference width=1ft=30cm
B = base diameter
where
Nc = bearing capacity factor
D = depth of bottom of the shaft
Bb = diameter of shaft base
su = undrained shear strength
if B > 190 cm
qer = Fr qe
Fr = 2.5/[120 ψ1 Bb /(Br s+ ψ2) ] <1.0
 
u

ψ1 = 0.0071+ 1.59 /Bb ) ≤ 0.015

0.0021(D
2 0.5<=ψ2<=1.5
 r
Bored pile /Drill shaft
skin resistance (friction)
Clay Cohesionless soil
β method Reese & O’Neill (1989)
β = K tan φs β method
fS = β σv = K tan φs σv f s= β σ v
β = K tan φs
Or Reese & O neal 1989
α method
z
fS = α cu   1.5  0.135 0.25< β<1.2
α = ca =adhesion factor Br

Qs = p Σ f S l where
fs= unit skin friction resitance
Q u = Qp + Q s σv= vertical effective stress at midpoint of soil layer
K= coeficient of lateral earth pressure
φs= soil-shaft interface friction angle
z = depth from the ground surface to the midpoint of stratam
Br=reference width= 30 cm (1ft)
Bored pile /Drill shaft
Bored pile /Drill shaft
Adhesion values for driven piles in mixed soil profiles, (a) Case 1: piles driven
through overlying sands or sandy gravels, and (b) Case 2: piles driven through overlying weak clay (Tomlinson, 1980).
Adhesion values for driven piles in stiff clays without different overlying strata (Case 3) (Tomlinson,
1980).
Soil parameters for dynamic design

• Problem of dynamic loading:

• Small strain response of amplitude
• Large strain response of amplitude
• Principal property of dynamic soil-pile analysis: Young’s modulus E;
shear modulus G; spring constant; damping and Poison’s ratio
Soil parameters for dynamic design
• Influence factor of dynamic modulus
• Type of soil; properties; soil disturbances
• Initial level of static stress or confining stress
• Strain level
• Time effects
• Degree saturation
• Frequency and number of cycle
• Magnitude of dynamic stress
• Dynamic prestrain
Soil parameters for dynamic design
• Testing method
• Resonant column
• Cyclic simple shear
• Cyclic torsional simple shear
• Cyclic triaxial compression
• Field investigation
• Cross-borehole wave propagation test
• Up-hole or down-hole wave propagation test
• Standard penetration test (SPT)
• Footing resonance test
• Cyclic plate loading test
Soil parameters for dynamic design

• Elastic constans of soil

• young’s modulus
Ε = σz/εz

• lateral strains εx and εy :

εx = εy = - ν εz where ν is Poison’s rasio

• shear modulus G = τ/γθ atau γθ = τ/G
• E, G and ν

E = 2G(1 + ν)
The pile group of 2 x 3 concrete piles at distances of 1.8 m center to center were
driven into cohesionless soil.
The diameter and length of the piles are 60 cm and 16 m respectively.
Soil data of field boring log was obtained as follows:
• 0 – 6 m: Sand deposit, β = 0.45, unsat = 18 kN/m3
• 6 – 30 m: Sand deposit, β = 0.50, Irr = 100,  = 40º, sat = 20 kN/m3
• The ground water table was found 8 m below the ground surface
Determine the ultimate bearing capacity of single pile and pile group.

Qp = Ap σ’d (Nq-1) Qs = p ΣfS l fS = β σ’v