Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
p g
PROBE PARAMETERS
Frequency (f)
Total number of elements in array (n)
Total aperture in steering or active direction (A)
Height or Elevation, aperture in mechanical or passive direction (H)
Width of an individual element (e)
Pitch, center-to-center distance between two successive elements (p)
Probe Manufacturing
Composite Technology
Thin rods of ceramics
polymer
Piezzo composite
Piezzo composite
Acoustic matching
Piezo composite
Backing product
5L128E96-10C40
5L16E16-10
5L128E128-12F36
Design Parameters Of
Phased Array Probes
Ultrasonic phased arrays consist of a series of
individual elements, each with its own
connector, time delay circuit and A/D
converter
5L128E96-10C40
5L16E16-10
5L128E128-12F36
Common Probe Geometries
1D Linear Array
Common Probe Geometries
1D Annular Array
2D Sectorial Annular
Array
Common Probe Geometries
Daisy Array
Phased Array
Wave-forming Fundamentals
Conventional UT Probe
Configuration
With a conventional UT probe, a single
piezoelectric element converts an electrical signal
into a mechanical vibration.
128 elements !
Phased Array Wave-forming
Delay
Time
Focal law
Wave front
Element
Delay Law
Material Velocity
Geometrical
Focal Point
Element Delay
Element Number Focal Law
Element Gain
Focal Law Calculators
Native Tools
• TomoView
• OmniScan “Program Probe”
EPRI Workbook
PASS, CIVA, etc.
Focal Law Calculators
Phased Array Scanning
Beam Focusing
The capability to converge the acoustic
energy into a small focal spot
Aperture (mm) 10 16 32
N Fresnel distance
(mm) 84 216 865
Mechanical Displacement
c = velocity in material
N
2......
1
Beam Steering Capability
Is related to the width of an individual
element of the array
Maximum steering angle (at –6 dB), given
by
sin st 0.5
e
For electronic scans, arrays are multiplexed using the same focal law
For sectorial scans, the same elements are used, but the focal laws are
changed
For Dynamic Depth Focusing, only the receiver focal laws are
changed in hardware
Array Selection
Frequency
Element width (e)
Number of elements (n)
Pitch (p)
Element Frequency (f)
Simple approach:
• If conventional UT uses, e.g. 10 MHz, use same
frequency for arrays
• If conventional UT uses 10 mm aperture, use
similar aperture with PA (e.g. 10 elements of 1 mm
width)
Higher frequencies (and larger apertures) may
provide better signal/noise => tighter, optimized focal
spot
Main manufacturing problems occur at high
frequencies (>15MHz) and small elements
Element Size (e)
Element size (specifically ‘e’) is a key issue
As ‘e’ decreases:
• Beam steering capability increases
• The number of elements increases rapidly
• Manufacturing problems may arise
• Minimum element size ~0.15-0.20 mm
Limiting factor often “budget”, not physics or
manufacturing
Number of Elements (n)
Number of elements is a compromise between:
Desired physical coverage of the probe and
sensitivity
Focusing capability
Steering capability
Cost
Example:
An array with a large working range AND large steering
capability requires a large amount of small elements.
Such an array may exceed the electronic capability
of the system, or the budget.
Power of the Elements
1 Element
2 Elements
4 Elements
8 Elements
Design Compromise
Sectorial scans:
different focal laws are applied to the same group of
elements
smaller elements needed to maximize steering capability
Typical sectorial scan would use a smaller number
(e.g. 16), with a small pitch (<1mm)
Linear scans:
same focal laws multiplexed through many elements
physical coverage important (raster extent)
Typical linear scan would use a greater number (e.g.
32+), with a larger pitch (>1mm)
Pitch / Aperture
Number of active elements per focal law is
typically 16
Maximum aperture (A max) = Pitch (p) x 16
For a high steering range, p must be small
For a good sensitivity, a large Near Zone
distance provides good focusing coefficient,
therefore A must be large
The challenge is to find the best compromise
In terms of ratio p / A
Element Positioning (p)
Typical arrays use side-by-side elements with
acoustic insulation as gap
n=12
p=6
• If p reduces, and n
increases
n=16 • then lobe distance
p=4.
5 increases
• and lobe amplitude
n=20
p=3. decreases
6
Design Issues - Equivalent Apertures
6 Elements (P) 1mm) 12 Elements (P) 0.4mm) 4 Elements (P)1mm) 8 Elements (P) 0.4mm)
Design Issues
Equivalent Apertures