Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theory
3.3 Techniques and Equipment
3.4 Inspection and Application
MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING - Outline
• Magnetism and Ferromagnetic
Materials
• Introduction of Magnetic Particle
Inspection
• Basic Procedure and Important
Considerations
• Magnetizing methods and apparatus
• The detecting medium
• Examples of MPI Indications
• Reporting Indications
Introduction
• This module is intended to present information
on the widely used method of magnetic particle
inspection.
• Magnetic particle inspection can detect both
production discontinuities (seams, laps, grinding
cracks and quenching cracks) and in-service
damage (fatigue and overload cracks).
Magnetic Particle Testing
• Test method for the detection of surface and
slightly sub-surface indications in ferromagnetic
materials
MT MT
Subsurface
Surface Defect
Internal
CANNOT BE
DETECTED BY
Ferromagnetic Material Magnetic Particle
Testing
Introduction to Magnetism
Magnetism is the ability of matter Magnetic field lines:
to attract other matter to itself. • Form complete loops.
Objects that possess the property • Do not cross.
of magnetism are said to be • Follow the path of least
magnetic or magnetized and resistance.
magnetic lines of force can be • All have the same
found in and around the objects. strength.
A magnetic pole is a point where • Have a direction such
the a magnetic line of force exits that they cause poles to
or enters a material. attract or repel.
UNMAGNETISED STATE
DOMAINS RANDOMLY
ORIENTATED
MAGNETIZED STATE.
DOMAINS ORIENTATED IN EXTERNAL
MAGNETIC FIELD
FIELD
SATURATED STATE
DOMAINS ORIENTATED IN STRONG
EXTERNAL FIELD
FIELD
Domain Theory
DEMAGNETISED STATE.
DOMAINS RANDOMLY ORIENTATED IN
OPPOSING CURVE
FIELD
How Does Magnetic Particle
Inspection Work?
A ferromagnetic test specimen is magnetized with a strong
magnetic field created by a magnet or special equipment.
If the specimen has a discontinuity, the discontinuity will
interrupt the magnetic field flowing through the specimen
and a leakage field will occur.
How Does Magnetic Particle
Inspection Work? (Cont.)
Finely milled iron particles coated with a dye pigment are
applied to the test specimen. These particles are attracted to
leakage fields and will cluster to form an indication directly
over the discontinuity. This indication can be visually
detected under proper lighting conditions.
Principle of MT : Flux Leakage
Ferromagnetic
Particles
Flux
N Leakage
S Attracted at
poles
Flux Leakage
N S N S
N S
STEEL µ= 1000
Flux Leakage
N AIR µ= 1 S
STEEL µ= 1000
N S N S
1. Component pre-cleaning
– Flexible cables
• Used for a variety component shape
• Place flexible cable on or around specimen
• Current passed through coil induce magnetic field
Producing a Longitudinal Magnetic
Field Using a Coil
Portable Coil
Magnetizing methods – Induction methods
• Methods:
– Encircling coils
• Placing specimen inside coils
• Low voltage, high amperage current is
passed
• Creates longitudinal magnetic field
• Current values:
–NI = K/[L/D]
– N = number of turns in the coils
– I = current in amperes
– L = the component length
– D = the component diameter
– L/D = ratio of geometrical
information of component
– K = source constant ( K= 32 for DC,
22 for AC, 11 for mean value)
Flexible cable technique
• Advantages:
– AC or DC field
– Large areas can be inspected
– No poles to attract magnetic particles
– Filed strength can be altered
– Predictable field strength
• Disadvantages:
– Cumbersome long heavy cable required
– Longer setting time
– Heavy transformer required for large amperage
Producing a Longitudinal Field Using
Permanent or Electromagnetic Magnets
Permanent magnets and electro-
magnetic yokes are also often used to
produce a longitudinal magnetic
field. The magnetic lines of force run
from one pole to the other, and the
poles are positioned such that any
flaws present run normal to these
lines of force.
Yokes:
• Highly permeable, low
retentive steel
• Laminated to reduce
induction and prevent the
yoke from permanently
magnetized
Electromagnetic yokes
• Magnetism:
– Encircling yoke with coil through which
current is passed
– Strength of field is varied by:
• Adjusting the current (amperage) flowing
through the yoke
• Varying the distance between the pole pieces
– The field produced is longitudinal
• Depth of field depends on type of current
• Require source of electrical energy
(AC or DC)
• Surface discontinuities using AC
• Sub-surface defect using DC
Electromagnetic yokes
• Advantages:
– AC or rectified DC operation
– Controllable field strength
– Can be switched on/off as required
– No damage done to test piece
– Relatively lightweight
• Disadvantages:
• Magnetic bar:
– A piece of ferromagnetic material with a magnetic pole at
each end
– Placed into a closed loop:
• create magnetic field within closed circuit and no
external field would exist
• If defect present in the loop, flux leakage occur
• Provide magnetic flow in the specimen and produce
longitudinal magnetic field between poles
Permanent magnets
• Advantages:
– No power supply required
– Inexpensive
– No damage to the test piece from arcing
– Relatively lightweight (portable)
• Disadvantages:
– Deterioration with wear
– Have to be pulled from the test surface
– Magnetic particles attracted to poles
– Limited application on awkward shapes
Circular Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Field
Electric
Current
Advantages
Disadvantages
Non-relevant indications
Due to flux leakage but arising from
design features or geometry
Splines Rough
Furring Surface
Changes in section Rivet
Changes in permeabilityKeyway
Toe of welds
Furring
Furring
Caused by:
Sharp change of contour
Furring
Furring
Furring
Caused by:
Excessive flux on the surface or ends of component
Furring
Magnetic Writing
Caused by:
Localised polarization when magnetised object induced the
magnetic field into another object
Spurious / False Indications
Indications caused by operator errors
Not due to flux leakage
Lint
Dirt
Hairs
Relevant Indications
Indications caused by defects
Magnetic Particle Testing
Cracks indications by Fluorescent Ink
Crane Hook with
Service Induced Crack
Indication