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Introduction
With the advert of the Industrial Revolution, the use of energy in the
form of fossil fuels began, this occurred in stages, from the
exploration of coal deposits to the exploitation of oil and natural gas
But, how long can we depend on this declining fossil fuels to run our
car engine, to light our kitchen stove ?? .. Not long that's for sure !!
What is the Alternative ?
Why Biofuels ?? Are They Green???
(2) the composition and purity of fatty esters such as methanol, free glycerol,
total glycerol, water, and esters contents, among others. The evaluation of
biodiesel quality is achieved through the determination of the chemical
composition and physical properties of fuel
Property Bio Diesel Petroleum diesel
Cetane number 51 - 62 44 – 49
Lubricity Much greater than diesel. Comparable to oil lubricants Low-sulphur fuel has low lubricity factor
Material compatibility Degrades natural, butyl rubber No effect on natural, butyl rubber
• Biodiesel is much easier to handle and does not cause cracking or redness.
• Biodiesel is much less dangerous to put in vehicle fuel tank as its flash point is ± 150°C
(300°F) as opposed to petroleum diesel ± 70°C (150°F).
• Biodiesel provides significant lubricity improvement over petroleum diesel fuel so engines
last longer, with the right additives engine performance can also be enhanced.
Biodiesel
Transesterification
Trans esterification
Transesterification Reaction , also called as Alcoholysis is the displacement of alcohol from an ester by
another alcohol in a process similar to hydrolysis except that an Alcohol is used instead of water.
Biodiesel
Free Fatty Acids (FFA)
Water
Production
Catfish & French Fries
(Batch type)
Catfish &
French Fries
Screen
Triglycerides
FFA
Water
Methanol
Heat & Time Holding/Settling Tank Water
Triglycerides
FFA
NaOH or KOH
NRRaje Feb 06
JATROPHA TREE
Jatropha can be cultivated anywhere along
canals,roads,railway tracks, on border of farm and
even an alkaline soils.
Grown in high as well as low rainfall.
In high rainfall yield is more.
Occurs mainly at lower altitude(0-500Cm) with
average annual temperature above 200C,
and rainfall of 300-1000mm.
JATROPHA PROVIDES:
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Microorganisms available for biodiesel
production
Microalgae Lipids from all cannot be
Bacteria converted into biodiesel mainly
due to less yield
Fungi
Yeast
...
MICROALGAE
• Can grow rapidly
• Live in harsh conditions due to their unicellular or simple
multicellular structure.
Tubular PBR
Extraction
Solvent extraction
Mechanical extraction
Super critical fluid
extraction
Mechanical Extraction
Solvent extraction
Supercritical fluid
extraction
ADVANTAGES OF MICROALGAE AS A SOURCE
OF BIODIESEL
• High Yield
-low cost of production
• Algae can grow
–In places away from farm land
(No destruction to food chain)
–Sewages
–Near to power plants
(takes CO2from smokestacks and yields oil)
• Oil Productivity
–Greater than best producing oil crops
• Higher grade protein→Animal Feed
Characteristics of algae biodiesel that differ from petro diesel:
• Biodiesel has superior lubricating properties, reducing fuel system wear, and increases the life of fuel injection
equipment.
• Biodiesel has about 5-8 percent less energy density than petrodiesel, but with its higher combustion efficiency
and better lubricity to partially compensate, its overall fuel efficiency decrease is only about 2 percent.
• The cloud point, or temperature at which pure (B100) biodiesel starts to gel, is about 32 0F. A blend of B20
(20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel) generally does not gel in cold weather. Various additives will lower the gel
point of B100.
• Biodiesel's flash point (lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air) is 2660F,
significantly higher than petrodiesel's 1470F, or gasoline's 520F.
• Biodiesel reduces particulate matter by about 47 percent as compared to petroleum diesel. Biodiesel has less
dangerous particulate matter because it reduces the solid carbon fraction on the particulate matter while
increasing the amount of oxygen.
Biodiesel from
Fungus
Oleaginous fungi has also been considered as
potential oil sources for biodiesel production because
they accumulate large amounts of lipids
Among these microorganisms, particular attention has been
dedicated to various oleaginous zygomycetes species, such
as
Mortierella isabelina and
Cunninghamella echinulata,
which may accumulate up to 86% and 57% of lipids in the
dry biomass, respectively
Biodiesel from
Fungus
Materials
Fungal Bio Mass Mucor circinelloides
Ultrasonication
Centrifugation
Rotary
Evaporation
Lipids
Biodiesel from Fungal Bio
Mass
Biodiesel from
yeasts
•
•
•
Rhodosporidium sp.,
Rhodotorula sp. and
Lipomyces
• species can accumulate intracellular lipids as high as 70% of their
biomass dry weight.
• Cryptococcus curvatus
• oleaginous yeast accumulate storage lipid up to >60% on a dry
weight basis)
Biodiesel from
yeasts
Media
Freeze
drying
Lipid
extraction
Tran
esterification
Biodiesel
Pre-culture
Media
YM medium was used as pre-culture to cultivate oleaginous yeast
cells
o glucose as a carbon source
o Peptone
o yeast extract
Main culture
Semi-synthetic medium was used as main culture to grow oleaginous
yeasts
o Glucose, xylose or a mixture of both were used as carbon sources
o nitrogen sources (NH4Cl)
o phosphate buffer (KH2PO4)
o Mineral-element solution (CaCl2×2H2O ,FeSO4×7H2O ,citric acid×H2O)
Medium pH - 5.8
Freeze drying
o Collected samples were centrifuged at 10 min and washed with
sterile water once, then centrifuged again
o The pellets were transferred into pre-weighed vials and kept
at -50 °C until freeze drying
Lipid extraction
Chloroform- Methanol Method
Freeze dried pellets + HCL and incubated at 55° C
Centrifugation
Solvent Evaporation
Extracted lipids
Trans esterification
biodiesel
catalyst
Extracted lipids methanol
glycerin
Biodiesel from
Bacteria
Bacteria can accumulate oil of about 20-40% of
dry biomass
Arthrobacter sp. - 40%
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus - 38%
Main concerns: