Engineering Materials

SUBMITTED BY :-
SONALI VERMA
251656009
I&P
Engineering materials is a branch of science which
deals with the study of existing materials, their properties,
functions, uses and effects over different compositions and
mixtures. It provides the reader a broad knowledge of
materials over a wide range

Types of materials
•Metals.
•Ceramics.
•Polymers.
•Composites.
•Semiconductors.
•Biomaterials.
Mechanical Properties of Metals
Hardness:
•Hardness is the ability to resist wear, abrasion, cutting, and indentation.
This may be a property which is uniform throughout the metal, or it may
be a surface condition of a metal, such as when a metal is subjected to
case-hardening.
•Increasing hardness throughout would also increase its brittleness.

•The hardness of a metal is often measured using its resistance to

indentation.

•Two common tests to measure hardness are the Brinnel, and the
Rockwell tests.
Mechanical Properties of Metals
Brittleness:
•Brittleness is a property of a metal which permits no permanent
deformation before breaking. Brittle materials generally break instantly,
without any intermediate stage of bending (lack of plasticity). An example
of a brittle material is cast iron.

•The opposite of brittleness is ductility and plasticity.

Mechanical Properties of Metals
Ductility:
Ductility is a material's ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the
material's ability to be stretched into a wire.

Malleability, a similar property, is a material's ability to deform under compressive stress; this is
often characterized by the material's ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling.

Both of these mechanical properties are aspects of plasticity.

Mechanical Properties of Metals
Plasticity:
•A material is said to exhibit plasticity, or to be plastic, if it is very soft
and easily deformed. Examples of plastic materials include wax, lead, and
Babbitt.
•Plastic materials have very little elasticity; that is, they do not return to
their original shape after the deforming force has been removed.

•Materials with high plasticity are not brittle.

Mechanical Properties of Metals
Elasticity:
•Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after
any force acting on it has been removed. Elasticity is one of the most
important properties for power engineers to be concerned with, as
pipes, pressure vessels, and valves must reliably return to their original
shape and position after being altered slightly from pressures or changes
in heat.

•Materials which are tough and ductile, such as wrought iron, typically
have high elasticity.

•Materials which are hard and brittle, such as cast iron, have very little
elasticity.
Mechanical Properties of Metals
Malleability:
•Malleability is that property which allows a material to be hammered or
rolled into other sizes and shapes. Copper is an example of metal which
is very malleable.

•Brittle materials are not malleable,

•The malleability of most materials will increase significantly when the

material is heated, such as when iron or steel are heated before forging.
Mechanical Properties of Metals
Toughness:
Toughness is the property that determines whether or not a material will break
under a sudden impact. This property is also referred to as “impact strength”,
and impact tests are used to determine the toughness of a material.

A common test used to determine

toughness is the Izod Impact Test, in
which a sample is notched, secured at
one end, and a swinging pendulum is
struck against the other end. The
amount of joules expended by the
pendulum swing necessary to break
the sample is used to determine the
material’s toughness.
 Metals classification
1. Ferrous metals: In Ferrous metals Iron (Fe) is the
major constituent. Examples: Cast Irons and
Steels. They are strongest material available. They
are used for making bridges, railway lines, railway
engines, railway wagons, strong parts of
automobiles, steel wires, rods, plates etc.
2. Non-Ferrous metals are those metals in which
major constituent is other than Iron (Example: Gold,
Silver, Copper, Zinc, Brass, Tin, Bronze, and Lead
etc.). Their mechanical strength is less.
 Non metals classification
 Synthetic Non-Metals such as plastics and
adhesives do not exist in nature, they are
manufactured from natural substances such as oil,
coal and clay. They have good mechanical
strength and can be easily manufactured. Plastics
are extensively used from utensils to structural
members. Synthetic adhesives are used for
joining.
 Natural Non-Metals: Some non-metals such as
wood, rubber, glass, emery, ceramic, diamonds,
oils and silicon are naturally occurring. They are
obtained from nature and given desired shape for
use
Metals
Ferrous materials

 Metals or alloys having high percentage of

iron.
 These materials are used where high
strength is required at relatively low cost.
 These materials are basically obtained
from pig iron ore which after treatment
gives three types of ferrous materials.
1. Steel
2. Cast iron
3. Wrought iron
Classification of steel

Low carbon steel

Medium carbon
Steels
steel

High carbon steel

 STEEL
This is by far the most important engineering material
and there is an enormous variety of steel to meet the
wide variety of engineering requirements. Steel is
basically an alloy of iron and carbon in which the
carbon content can be less than 1.7% and carbon is
present in the form of iron carbide to impart hardness
and strength.Two main categories of steel are
(a) Plain carbon steel
(b) Alloy steel.
 LOW CARBON STEEL-(MILD
STEELS (OR) SOFT STEELS)-
No alloying element other than carbon is present in low carbon
steel. It has carbon content of 0.15% to 0.45%. However there may
small magnitude of P, S, Si and Mn. They are present as impurities
as it is difficult to remove them in the process of smelting. Because
of low carbon percentage it cannot undergo heat treatment process.
Its hardness cannot be increased by conventional heat treatment
method. The hardness number is about 150BHN. It has lower
tensile strength and malleable.

Applications-
Screws, bolts, nuts, washers, wire fences, automobile body sheet,
plates, wires, building bars, grills, beams, angles, channels etc.
MEDIUM CARBON STEEL
The carbon content of medium carbon steel is 0.45% to
0.8%.Medium carbon steels has higher tensile strength and
hardness than low carbon steels. The hardness number is
about 300BHN. Medium carbon steels responds slightly to
heat treatment process and hence its hardness can be
further increased if required for a particular application.
They also have better machining qualities. Generally they
are hot worked.

Applications-
Hooks, wire ropes, shafts, connecting rods, spindles, rail
axles, gears, turbine bucket wheels, steering arms and
other machine components which require medium
strength.
 HIGH CARBON STEEL
It has carbon content of 0.8% to 1.7%.High carbon steels has
higher tensile strength and hardness than medium carbon steels.
The hardness number is about 500BHN. High carbon steels
responds readily to heat treatment process and hence its
hardness can be further increased to desired values. They have
good wear resistance. Generally they are hot worked.
Applications-
They are used for making hand tools such as wrenches, chisels,
punches and rail wheels, files, cutting tools like drills, wood
working tools and rails, rods for reinforced concrete, forging
dies, knives, drawing dies, saws etc.
Stainless steel
is one such alloy steel that gives good corrosion
resistance. One important type of stainless steel is often
described as 18/8 steel where chromium and nickel
percentages are 18 and 8 respectively. A typical
designation of a stainless steel is 15Si2Mn2Cr18Ni8 where
carbon percentage is 0.15.

High speed steel:

This steel contains 18% tungsten, 4% chromium and 1%
vanadium. It is considered as one of best of all purpose
tool steels. It is used widely for drills, lathe, planer and
shaper tools, milling cutters, reamers, broaches, threading
dies, punches etc.
Cast iron-
It is an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon and it is
hard and brittle. Carbon content may be within
1.7% to 3% and carbon may be present as free
carbon (graphite) or iron carbide Fe3C.
In general the types of cast iron are
(a) Grey cast iron
(b) White cast iron
(c) Malleable cast iron
(d) Spheroidal or nodular cast iron
(e) Austenitic cast iron
(f) Abrasion resistant cast iron.