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9:
First Order Difference Equations
Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems, 10 th edition, by William E. Boyce and Richard C. DiPrima, ©2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
j 0
• If the migration is constant (b) each year:
yn n y0 ( n 1 1) b
• And as long as ρ ≠ 1, we can use the geometric series formula to get:
1 n b b
y n y0
n
b n
y0
1
1 1
b b
yn n y0
1 1
1
u n 0 or u n
• Are either of these equilibrium solutions asymptotically stable?
1
u n 0 or u n
• We have already examined this equation and concluded that for |ρ|
< 1, the solution is asymptotically stable.
• We will now consider solutions near the second equilibrium:
1
Let u n vn where vn is assumed to be small so quadratic term 0,
vn 1 (2 )vn vn (2 )vn
2
after simplifyin g u n 1 expression
vn 1 (2 )vn
• From our previous discussion, we can conclude that v n 0 provided
|2 – ρ| < 1 or 1 < ρ < 3. So, for these values of ρ, we can conclude that
the solution is asymptotically stable.
Solutions for Varying Initial States and
Parameter Values Between 0 and 3 (1 of 2)
n un
0 0.3 un+1=0.8un(1-un)
1 0.168 0.35
2 0.111821 0.3 y 0 0.3, 0.8
3 0.079454 0.25
4
5
0.058513
0.044071
0.2
0.15
1 un 0
6 0.033703 0.1
7 0.026054 0.05
8 0.0203 0
9 0.01591 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10 0.012526
n un
0 0.8 un+1=1.5un(1-un)
1 0.24 1
2 0.2736
0.8 y0 0.8, 1.5
3 0.298115
4 0.313863 0.6
1 0.5 1
5 0.32303 0.4 1 3 un
6 0.328022
0.2
1.5 3
7 0.330636
8 0.331974 0
9 0.332651 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10 0.332991
Solutions for Varying Initial States and
Parameter Values Between 0 and 3 (2 of 2)
n un
0 0.3 un+1=2.8un(1-un)
1 0.588
0.678317
0.8 y 0 0.3, 2.8
2
3 0.610969 0.6 1 1.8
4 0.665521 1 3 un 0.6429
5 0.623288
0.4 2.8
6 0.65744 0.2
7 0.630595
8 0.652246 0
9 0.6351 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10 0.648895
n un
0 0.9 un+1=2.8un(1-un)
1 0.252 1
2 0.527789
0.8 y0 0.9, 2.8
3 0.697838
0.8
0.6
u=(ρ-1)/ρ
0.4
0.2
u=0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.2
exchange of stability at ρ = 1
0.4
Solutions of the Difference Equation That Do
Not Approach an Equilibrium (1 of 4)
n un
0 0.3
Below is an example of a 2-cycle. Notice how as n
1 0.672 increases, the value of un alternates between two
2 0.705331
3 0.665085 values (0513 and 0.799).
4 0.71279
5 0.655105 ρ = 3.2 and y0 = 0.3
6 0.723016
7 0.640845
8 0.736521
9 0.620986
10 0.75316 un+1=3.2un(1-un)
11 0.594912
0.9
12 0.771173
13 0.564688 0.8
14 0.78661 0.7
15 0.537136 0.6
16 0.795587 0.5
17 0.520411 0.4
18 0.798667 0.3
19 0.514554
0.2
20 0.799322
0.1
21 0.5133
22 0.799434 0
23 0.513086 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
24 0.799452
Solutions of the Difference Equation That Do
Not Approach an Equilibrium (2 of 4)
n
n
un
u(n)
Below is an example of a 4-cycle. Notice how as n
0 0.3 increases, the value of un alternates between four
1 0.735 values (0.3828, 0.5009, 0.8269, 0.8750).
2 0.681713
3 0.759432
4 0.639433
ρ = 3.5 and y0 = 0.3
⋯ ⋯
12 0.392152
13 0.834291 un+1=3.5un(1-un)
14 0.483873
1
15 0.87409
0.9
16 0.385199
0.8
17 0.828873 0.7
18 0.49645 0.6
19 0.874956 0.5
20 0.382928 0.4
21 0.82703 0.3
22 0.50068 0.2
23 0.874998 0.1
24 0.382817 0
25 0.826938 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
26 0.50089
27 0.874997
28 0.38282
Solutions of the Difference Equation That Do
Not Approach an Equilibrium (3 of 4)
• Notice from the preceding graphs how the behavior of the solution
to the difference equation u n 1 un (1 un ) behaves rather
unpredictably when ρ > 3. First, at ρ = 3.2, we saw the sequence
oscillate between two values, creating a period of two. Then, at ρ =
3.5, the terms in the sequence were oscillating among four values,
creating a period of 4. It is actually around ρ = 3.449 that this
doubling of the period occurs and this is called a point of
bifurcation. As ρ increases slightly further, periodic solutions of
period 8, 16, … occur.
• By the time we reach ρ > 3.57, the solutions possess some regularity,
but no discernible detailed pattern is present for most values of ρ.
The term chaotic is used to describe this situation. One of the
features of chaotic solutions is extreme sensitivity to the initial
conditions. This is demonstrated on the following slide.
Chaotic Solutions (4 of 4)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
What Chaotic Solutions May Suggest