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What is a crack?

A crack is a complete or incomplete seperation of concrete into


two or more parts, produced by breaking or fracturing.

CLASSIFICATION OF CRACKS

1.Structural Cracks

2.Non Structural Cracks


INVESTIGATION RELATING TO CRACKS

• Whether the crack is old or new.

• Pattern of the crack.

• Soil condition, type of foundation used, movement of


ground if any.

• Observation on the similar structure in the same


locality.

• Study of specification, construction method and


climatic conditions.
LIMITATION OF CRACK WIDTH

1. For members in water storage units, sewage units,


chemically hazardous atmosphere cracks are not permitted.

2. In severe atmosphere up to 0.1mm crack width is


permitted.

3. Moderate atmosphere upto 0.2mm crack width is


permitted.

4. In mild atmosphere width of crack is permitted upto 0.3mm


.
PERMISSIBLE CRACK WIDTH AS PER ACI

EXPOSURE CONDITION MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE


CRACK WIDTH IN
mm

Dry air, protective 0.41


membrane
Humidity, moist air 0.30

Sea water and 0.15


seawater spray, wetting
and drying
Water retaining 0.10
structure
CAUSES FOR THE OCCURANCE OF CRACK

Crack may develop due to :-

1. Structural deficiency resulting from design


deficiency or construction deficiency and
overloading.

2. Temperature and shrinkage effects.

3.Settlement of ground.

4. Faulty workman ship and poor construction


practice .
1. STRUCTURAL DEFICIENCY RESULTING FROM DESIGN
DEFICIENCY OR CONSTRUCTION DEFICIENCY AND
OVERLOADING

CRACKS OCCUR DUE TO

• Shear, flexural and torsional steel deficiency.

• Abrupt curtailment of reinforcement bars.

• Overloading of member.

• Improper anchorage.
FLEXURAL CRACKS IN BEAMS

• Occurs due to flexural steel deficiency.

• Occurs at maximum bending moment region


FLEXURAL CRACKS IN CANTILEVER BEAMS

• Occurs due to shear steel deficiency.

•Occurs in maximum shear region.


PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• Special care need to be taken while designing and


detailing.

• Requires continuous investigation.

• Damages from unintentional construction overloads can


be prevented only if designer provide information on load
limitations and the construction personnel heed to these
limitations.

• Follow proper design specification.


2 SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE EFFECT

CRACKS DUE TO SHRINKAGE

• Show up in two basic location in most walls, approximately mid


point of long section wall , across door or window head.

• Uniform in width.

• Excessive water content within the concrete.

• Higher water content results in greater shrinkage .

• On exposure, concrete loses some of its original water


and shrink.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• Minimise the use of rich


concrete mix.

• Use lean cement mortar in


masonry works.

• Allow adequate time for


curing .
SHRINKAGE CRACK IN WALL MASONRY
TEMPERATURE EFFECT

• Volume changes .

• Volume relation to temperature is expressed by


coefficient of thermal expansion/contraction.

• Volume change induces stress.


PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• Adequate insulating or terracing


treatmemt.

• Painting top roof with reflective


finish such as white wash.
THERMAL CRACKS IN WALL MASONRY

• Introducing of expansion and


contraction joint at apropriate
locations.
3 CRACK S DUE TO SETTLEMENT

• Uneven settlement can be a major structural problem in


small residential building.

• Vertical distortion or cracking of masonry walls, wrapped


interiors and exterior opening.

• Occurs early in life of building.


SETTLEMENTS ARE CAUSED DUE TO

• Soil consolidation under footing.

• Loss of moisture.

• Water table level.

• Faulty drains, leaking water mains.

• Soil compaction or movement due to vibration .


Building settlement due to cut
and fill

Differential settlement caused


due to variable soil type
• Cracking likely to occur at corners and adjacent to opening.
follows a rough diagonal along morter joints.

• May extend through continuous building element such as floor


slabs, masonary walls above the foundation and interiors.

• Building constructed on expansive soil are liable to cracks.

• The structure is subjected to severe stress due to alternate


swelling and shrinkage.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• Under reamed pile foundation.

• Foundation design for uniform distribution of pressure.

• SBC is not exceeded.

• Soil should be well compacted.


FAULTY WORKMANSHIP AND POOR
CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE

CAUSES

• Improper reinforcing steel placement.

• Improper bar detailing.

• Premature removal of forms.

• Cold joints.

• Segregation.

• Plastic shrinkage cracking.


PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• Water cement ratio.

•Proper curing.

•Support for forms.

•Design recommendations.
CASE STUDY OF P.W.D OFFICE
BUILDING

YALENDUR

• Inspected on 21s t may 1988.

• Foundation soil is a black cotton soil.

•Construction completed In the year 1981.


CAUSES FOR DISTRESS

• Swelling and shrinkage of soil.

• Improper drainage.

• Filled up soil.

• Growth of trees .
REMEDIAL MEASURES

•Remove and fill with firm good soil.

•Under reamed pile foundation.

•Apply heavy super imposed load.

•Avoid growth of trees in the vicinity.


CONCLUSION

• The individual cracks in members are unique by themselves.

• They are versatile diagnostic devices, clearly indicating the


specific problem in concerned members. In addition they also
indicate the degree of seriousness of the problem..

• The crack throw light on the discipline in the associated


structural designs and quality .

• The corrective measures to be implemented are clearly


indicated by these cracks.
REFERENCES

• Peter H Emmons- “Concrete repair and maintainence”


`

•P.C Varghese- “Limit state design of Reinforced Concrete”

•H.P. Rossmanith- “Fracture and Damage of Concrete”

• M.S.Shetty- “Concrete Technology”

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