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Evolution of 3G and 3G Basics.

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2 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 Target of IMT2000
 Global uniform frequency band and standard, global seamless
coverage

 High efficient spectrum utility

 High quality of service, high security

 Easy for evolution from 2G system

 Providing multimedia service

 Car speed environment: 144kbps
 Walk speed environment: 384kbps
 Indoor environment: 2048kbps
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 WCDMA Voice Evolution

 Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice quality of

4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps

 Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity to improve system

capacity

 Provide high fidelity voice mode

 Fast power control

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 Data Service Evolution of
WCDMA
 Support maximum 2Mbps data service

 Support packet switch

 Adopt ATM platform currently

 Provide QoS

 Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share

Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services better

 Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink symmetric data

service, such as voice, video phone, conference TV
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3GPP, the Main Standardisation Organisation

Objectives for 3GPP standards

• in September 1999 the level of detail is high enough in the 3GPP
specifications that no delays are caused for product development
• December 1.0 release is so complete that it can be used as a basis
for the global products in the beginning of 2002
• Maintain the functionality of 3GPP and increase its independence
from the partners
• develop plans for the coming years
An all IP (Internet Protocol) based core network intitative "3G.IP" has
been started by AT&T Wireless Systems plus others independently of
standards organisations
• Nokia actively participating
• Results will be contributed and incorporated into the work of 3GPP

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UMTS Release 99 & Release 4
UMTS Release 99
• 3GPP is responsible for the standardisation of UMTS.
• In December 1999, the first UMTS Release, the so-called Release 99, was
frozen.
• UMTS Rel. 99 is based on the large experience of GSM/GPRS
standardisation, taking over many principles of the matured GSM/GPRS
network, protocol and service architecture.
• The UMTS Rel. 99 network consists of a slightly modified, advanced and
matured GSM/GPRS Core Network (CS & PS Domain), the UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access Network UTRAN and the User Equipment UE.
UMTS Release 4
Continuing the 3GPP evolution, Release 4 enhanced UMTS 2001 via several
features, e.g.:
• Bearer independent CS Core Network
• CAMEL Phase 4
• UTRA FDD repeater function
• low chip rate TDD mode
• 700 MHz support for GERAN
• Transcoder Free Operation

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3GPP Release 5 & 6

UMTS Release 5
UMTS Release 5 has been closed end of 2002, including several Core Network and Radio
Interface enhancements such as:
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA); peak rates up to 14 Mbps
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
Wideband AMR
Location Services enhancements
UMTS in 1800/1900 MHz bands

UMTS Release 6
UMTS Release 6 was frozen 09/2005, containing features such as:
FDD Enhanced Uplink (HSUPA); peak rates up to 5.76 Mbps
WLAN-UMTS Interworking
IMS Phase 2
Multimedia Messaging (MMS) enhancements
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)
UE Receive Diversity

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UMTS Evolution / 3GPP Releases

• HSDPA (14 Mbps) • HSUPA (5.76 Mbps)

• IMS Phase 1 • IMS Phase 2
• Bearer independent • W-AMR • WLAN-Interworking
CS CN • enhanced • MBMS
matured GSM/GPRS CN • CAMEL Phase 4 Location Services • Push-services
+ UTRAN • UTRA FDD repeater • 1800/1900 MHz
+ WCDMA Air Interface • low chip rate TDD mode Release 6
up to 384 kbps (2 Mbps) Release 5 Release 5
Release 4 Release 4 Release 4
Release 99 Release 99 Release 99 Release 99

1999 2001 2002/03 2005 Year

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3GPP Release 7 & 8

UMTS Release 7
UMTS Release 7 has been closed end of 2007, including important UMTS/HSPA
enhancements, improving the UMTS peak rates and spectral efficiency:
Higher order Modulation: 64QAM for the DL (up to 21 Mbps); 16QAM for the UL (up to 11.5 Mbps)
2x2 MIMO (up to 28 Mbps)
Network Architecture Improvements: Direct Tunneling GGSN - RNC
Continuous Packet Connectivity CPC / VoIP
Enhanced UE Receiver
Enhanced Cell_FACH
Flexible RLC
…

3GPP Release 8
3GPP Release 8 was frozen 03/2009, containing further HSPA improvements as well as the
UMTS Long Term Evolution LTE and the Evolved Packet System EPS:
LTE (up to 303 Mbps)
EPS
Dual-Cell HSDPA (up to 42 Mbps)
Combination of 2x2 MIMO and 64QAM (up to 42 Mbps)

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3GPP Release 9 & 10

3GPP Release 9
3GPP Release 9 has been closed end of 2009, including HSPA+ enhancements and initial LTE-
Advanced (LTE-A) definitions.
Dual-Cell HSDPA, 2x2 MIMO & 64QAM (up to 84 Mbps)

3GPP Release 10
3GPP Release 10 is expected to be closed early 2011; central focus will be on LTE-Advanced ;
furthermore, definition of Multi-Carrier HSPA for UL & DL is expected
LTE-Advanced (up to 1 Gbps DL & 500 Mbps UL for low mobility/Indoor) as IMT-Advanced proposal (4G)
Multi-Carrier HSDPA (DL: up to 3 or 4 carrier delivering up to 126 resp. 168 Mbps)
Dual-Carrier HSUPA (UL: up to 23 Mbps)

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UMTS Air Interface technologies

• UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological

solutions
– WCDMA – FDD
– WCDMA – TDD
• WCDMA – FDD is the more widely used solution
– FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
• WCDMA – TDD technology is currently used in limited
number of networks
– TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
• Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands
• This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA –
FDD solution, basic planning principles apply to both
technologies

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WCDMA – FDD technology

• Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)

– All cells at same carrier frequency
– Spreading codes used to separate cells and users
– Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz

• Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

– Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies

• Compatibility with GSM technology

– Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS

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 Mobile Network Evolution
2.75G
2.5G
2G Enhanced Data
1G Packet Data
Digital WCDMA
Analogue
EDGE 2M, 14M
GSM
GPRS 384K
NMT
TDMA 115K TD-SCDMA
2M
TACS
PDC

AMPS cdma2000
CDMA 1X 1X EV-DO
CDMA
2.4M
144K

1982-1996+ 1992-2002+ 2001+ 2004+ 2002-2004+

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 UMTS (3G) release -99 vs release -00
WCDMA UTRAN
Circuit side
PSTN/ISDN
MSC/VLR GMSC
BS Iub RNC
BS
BS Iur
(optional) HLR SCP
RNC
BS Internet
WCDMA Mobile 3G-SGSN GGSN
I Packet side (GPRS)
u
UMTS Release 1999
WCDMA UTRAN NEW ! NEW !
Circuit Core
WCDMA/IPT BS Iub RNC
BS
Mobile MSC/VLR GMSC
BS
RNC
Iur Multimedia Service
BS
SCP Control (IPTelephon
(optional)
HLR SGW
BS Abis BSC
BS
CSCF PST
IP transport MGCF
BS
BSC option for SS7 N/
BS MGW ISDN
EDGE (GSM) BSS
I 3G-SGSN GGSN
u Packet Core (GPRS) with real time Internet
EDGE/IPT NEW ! Edge/GSM Air services
interface standardisation
Mobile
may be moved
UMTS Release 2000
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16 © Nokia Siemens toNetworks
3GPP from SMG
Presentation / Author / Date
Differences between WCDMA & GSM
High bit
rates
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18
Power control 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
frequency
Quality control Radio resource Network planning
management algorithms (frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives Frequency hopping
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Services
Packet data Load-based packet Timeslot based
with scheduling scheduling with GPRS
Different
quality Downlink transmit Supported for Not supported by the
diversity improving downlink standard, but can be
requirements capacity applied

Efficient
packet data
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WCDMA Technology

WCDMA Users share same time and frequency

Carrier

Frequency
3.84 MHz

5 MHz
Time
5+5 MHz in FDD mode Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
5 MHz in TDD mode

WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

5 MHz, 1 carrier 5 MHz, 25 carriers

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 WCDMA Network Structure
CS domain
MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN/other PLMN
GSM /GPRS BSS

A
BSC
BTS HLR/AUC

SCE
PCU
Gb
SS
7 SMS
SCP
Iu-CS
RNC
PS backbone Internet,
NodeB Iu-PS Intranet
SGSN
GGSN

UTRAN CG BG
PS domain
Other PLMN

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19 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 WCDMA Interfaces

MSC SGSN
MSC SGSN
Iu-CS Iu-PS
A Interface Gb

Iur
BSC RNC RNC

BSS A-bis
UTRAN Iub Iub

BTS NodeB NodeB

Um Uu Uu

UE UE UE

Soc Classification level GSM WCDMA

20 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
WCDMA Codes

• In WCDMA 2 separate codes are used in the spreading

operation
– Channelisation code
– Scrambling code

• Channelisation Code (CC)

– DL: separates physical channels of different users and common
channels, defines physical channel bit rate
– UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel
bit rate
• Scrambling Code (SC) 512 DL Primary Scrambling Codes
16.7 million UL Scrambling Codes
– DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency
– UL: separates users

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Channelisation and Scrambling Codes
Channelisation code
Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data
(DPDCH) and control channels
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users within one
cell
Length 4–256 chips (1.0–66.7 s)
Downlink also 512 chips
Different bit rates by changing the length
of the code
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling
code = spreading factor
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth
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Scrambling code
Uplink: Separation of mobile
Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
66.7 s = 256 chips
Option (2) can be used with advanced
base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Uplink: 16.8 million
Downlink: 512
Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth
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Spreading & Processing Gain
User bit
rate
R
Power density (Watts/Hz)

Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal

Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

W  const  3.84 Mchip

sec

G p dB 
W
Processing
gain: R

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Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R = 12,2 kbit/s)

R
Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=24.98
dB

• Spreading sequences
have a different length
Frequency (Hz)
• Processing gain depends
Packet data user (R = 384 kbit/s) on the user data rate
R
Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=10 dB

Soc Classification level Frequency (Hz)

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Channelisation Code Tree

SF= SF= SF= SF= SF= ... SF= SF=51

1 2 4 8 16 256 2
C (0)=[............
16
C8(0)=[11111111] ]
C16(1)=[............
C4(0)=[1111] ]
C16(2)=[............
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] ] Channelisation
C2(0)=[11] C16(3)=[............
] Codes:
C16(4)=[............
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1] ] Walsh-Hadamard
C16(5)=[............
C4(1)=[11-1-1] ] codes
C16(6)=[............
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111] ] (OVSF codes)
C16(7)=[............
C0(0)=[1] ] • SF for the DL
C16(8)=[............
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] ] transmission*:
C4(2)=[1-11-1]
C16(9)=[............
]
4, 8, 16, 32,
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C16(10)=[...........] 64, 128, 256,
C2(1)=[1-1] C16(11)=[...........] 512
C16(12)=[..........
.]
• SF for the UL
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C16(13=[........... transmission*:
C4(3)=[1-1-11] ]
C16(14)=[.......... 4, 8, 16, 32,
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1] .]
C16(15)=[.......... 64, 128, 256
.]
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OVSF: Orthogonal variable spreading factor
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 64QAM Throughputs

Physical Layer (based upon Physical Channel capability)

• Chip Rate = 3.84 Mcps
• Spreading Factor = 16
=> Symbol Rate = 240 kbps
• Number of HS-PDSCH codes = 15
=> Aggregate Symbol Rate = 3.6 Mbps
• Number of bits per Symbol = 6
=> Bit Rate = 21.600 Mbps (peak)

Physical Layer (based upon UE maximum transport block size)

• Category 14 and 18 maximum transport block size = 42 192 bits
• Transmission Time Interval = 2 ms
=> Bit Rate = 21.096 Mps (peak)

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What is SIR?
SIR is the Signal-to-Interference Ratio – the ratio of the energy
in dedicated physical control channel bits to the power density
of interference and noise after dispreading.
What is RSCP?
RSCP stands for Received Signal Code Power – the energy per
chip in CPICH averaged over 512 chips.
What is Eb/No?
By definition Eb/No is energy bit over noise density, i.e. is the
ratio of the energy per information bit to the power spectral
density (of interference and noise) after dispreading.
Eb/No = Processing Gain + SIR
For example, if Eb/No is 5dB and processing gain is 25dB then
the SIR should be -20dB or better.

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What are the Eb/No targets in your design?
The Eb/No targets are dependent on the service:
on the uplink, typically CS is 5 to 6dB and PS is 3 to 4dB –
PS is about 2dB lower.
on the downlink, typically CS has 6 to 7dB and PS is 5 to 6dB
– PS is about 1dB lower.

Why is Eb/No requirement lower for PS than for CS?

PS has a better error correction capability and can utilize
retransmission, therefore it can afford to a lower Eb/No. CS is
real-time and cannot tolerate delay so it needs a higher Eb/No
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to maintain a stronger RF link.

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 THANK YOU

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