Complex Numbers

Complex Number
• A complex number is any number
expressible in the standard form a + bi or
a + jb.

• The value “i” or “j” is the imaginary unit or

number. It is equal to the square root of -1.
 Complex Number
Successive integral powers of i or j:

j2 = -1
j3 = - j
j4 = 1
j5 = j
j6 = - 1
j7 = - j
j8 = 1
 Complex Number
1. Simplify the expression i1997 + i1999.

2. Simplify i29 + i21 + i.

 Different Forms of Complex
Numbers
1. Rectangular Form

z = a + jb

where: a = real part

b = imaginary part
 Different Forms of Complex
Numbers
2. Trigonometric Form

z = r cos θ + jr sin θ
z = r cis θ

where: r = modulus or absolute value

θ = argument or amplitude in
degrees
b
r  a b
2 2
  tan 1

a
 Different Forms of Complex
Numbers
3. Polar Form

z  r
4. Exponential Form

z = r ejθ

where: θ = argument in radians

 Different Forms of Complex
Numbers
Write the trigonometric form, polar form and
exponential form of the vector 3 + j4.

Write the rectangular, trigonometric and

exponential form of 27.745o
 Addition and Subtraction of
Complex Numbers

(a1 + jb1) + (a2 + jb2) = (a1 + a2) + j(b1 + b2)

(a1 + jb1) - (a2 + jb2) = (a1 - a2) + j(b1 - b2)

 Addition and Subtraction of
Complex Numbers
1. If A = -2 - 3i and B = 3 + 4i, what is A + B?

2. If A = -2 - 3i and B = 3 + 4i, what is A - B?

 Multiplication/ Division of Complex
Numbers
Note: Use polar form.

(r11 )(r22 )  r1r21  2

r11 r1
 1   2
r2  2 r 2
 Multiplication/ Division of
Complex Numbers
1. If A = -2 - 3i and B = 3 + 4i, what is AB?

2. If A = -2 - 3i and B = 3 + 4i, what is A/B?

 Complex Numbers
• Complex number raised to exponent:

(r )  r (n )
n n

• nth root of a complex number

1 1
  k (360o )
(r )  r 
n n
n
 Complex Numbers
1. (4.33 + j2.5)2

2. (1 + i)5

3. Find the principal 5th root of

50 (cos 150O + j sin 150O)
 Complex Numbers
Logarithm of a complex number:

z = r cis θ
ln z = ln r + jθ
Complex Numbers
ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ
e-jθ = cos θ - j sin θ

j  j
e e
sin  
2
j  j
e e
cos  
2
 Complex Numbers
Hyperbolic Functions:

x
e e
x
sinh  
2

e x  e x
cosh 
2
 Complex Numbers
Inverse trigonometric Inverse hyperbolic
functions of complex functions of complex
numbers: numbers:

sin 1 z   j ln( jz  1  z 2 ) 
sinh 1 z  ln z  z 2  1 
1
cos z   j ln( z  z  1)2
cosh 1
z  ln z  z 2
 1

1  j  1  jz  1 1 z 
tan z  ln   tanh 1
z  ln  
2  1  jz  2 1 z 