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RESEARCH DESIGN

PRESENTED BY: AL DON CASTRO


LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1.THE BASIC STAGES OF RESEARCH DESIGN.


2.THE MAJOR DESCRIPTORS OF RESEARCH
DESIGN.
3.THE MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN.
4.THE RELATIONSHIPS THAT EXIST BETWEEN
VARIABLES IN RESEARCH DESIGN AND THE
STEPS FOR EVALUATING THOSE
RELATIONSHIPS.
WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN?
BLUEPRINT

PLAN

GUIDE

FRAMEWORK
DESIGN IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS
CLASSIFICATION OF DESIGN
DEGREE OF RESEARCH
QUESTION CRYSTALLIZATION
EXPLORATORY
STUDY

FORMAL STUDY
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

MONITORING

COMMUNICATION
STUDY
RESEARCHER CONTROL OF
VARIABLES
EXPERIMENT

EX POSTO FACTO


DESIGN
THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

REPORTING STUDY CAUSAL-


EXPLANATORY
STUDY

CAUSAL-
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
PREDICTIVE STUDY
THE TIME DIMENSION

CROSS-SECTIONAL
STUDIES

LONGITUDINAL
STUDIES
THE TOPICAL SCOPE

STATISTICAL
STUDIES

CASE STUDIES
THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

FIELD CONDITIONS

LABORATORY
CONDITIONS

SIMULATIONS
PARTICIPANTS’PERCEPTUAL
AWARENESS
 NO DEVIATION
PERCEIVED

 DEVIATIONS PERCEIVED
AS UNRELATED TO THE
RESEARCHER

 DEVIATION PERCEIVED AS
RESEARCHER-INDUCED
*EXPLORATORY STUDIES*

 WHEN NOT MUCH IS KNOWN  THROUGH EXPLORATION


ABOUT THE SITUATION AND YET RESEARCHERS DEVELOP
WE WANT TO HAVE SOME CONCEPTS MORE CLEARLY,
ASSESSMENT ESTABLISH PRIORITIES AND
IMPROVE FINAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
 IT SAVES TIME AND MONEY
 WHEN WE WANT TO SOLVE A
 DEVELOP HYPOTHESES ABOUT
PROBLEM BUT NO
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF
INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE
MANAGEMENT DILEMMA
QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES

 INDIVIDUAL DEPTH  CASE STUDIES


INTERVIEWS  STREET ETHNOGRAPHY
 PARTICIPATION  ELITE OR EXPERT
OBSERVATION INTERVIEWING
 FILMS, PHOTOGRAPHS  DOCUMENT ANAYSIS
AND VIDEOTAPE
 PROXEMICS AND
 PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES KINESICS
AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
TESTING
COMMONY USED EXPLORATORY
TECHNIQUES
1.SECONDARY
DATA ANALYSIS
2.EXPERIENCE
SURVEYS
3.FOCUS GROUPS
4.TWO-STAGE
DESIGN
SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS

THE FIRST STEP IN BY REVIEWING PRIOR


EXPLORATORY STUDY STUDIES, YOU CAN
IS A SEARCH OF IDENTIFY
SECONDARY METHODOLOGIES
LITERATURE THAT PROVED
SUCCESSFUL AND
UNSUCCESSFUL.
EXPERIENCE SURVEYS

 WHAT IS BEING DONE?  WHAT PROBLEM AREAS


 WHAT HAS BEEN DONE IN CAN BE SEEN?
THE PAST WITHOUT  WHAT ARE THE COSTS OF
SUCCESS? WITH THE PROCESSES UNDER
SUCCESS? STUDY?
 HOW HAVE THINGS  WHOM CAN WE COUNT
CHANGED? TO ASSIST OR PARTICIPATE
 WHO IS INVOLVED IN THE IN THE RESEARCH?
DECISIONS?  WHAT ARE THE PRIORITY
AREAS?
PEOPLE WHO MIGHT PROVIDE
INSIGHTFUL INFORMATION
NEW COMERS TO THE “PURE” CASES
SCENE THOSE WHO FIT WELL
MARGINAL OR AND THOSE WHO DO
PERIPHERAL NOT
INDIVIDUALS THOSE WHO
INDIVIDUALS IN REPRESENT DIFFERENT
TRANSITION POSITIONS IN THE
DEVIANTS OR SYSTEM
ISOLATES
FOCUS GROUPS

GROUP
DISCUSSION
6-10 PARTICIPANTS
MODERATOR-LED
90 MINUTES TO 2
HOURS
TWO WAY DESIGN

1.CLEARLY
DEFINING THE
RESEARCH
QUESTION
2.DEVELOPING THE
RESEARCH
DESIGN
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY is FINISHED
WHEN..
MAJOR OF THE RESEARCH TASKS HAVE BEEN
ESTABLISHED.
A SET OF SUBSIDIARY INVESTIGATIVE
QUESTIONS THAT CAN GUIDE A DEATAILED
RESEARCH DESIGN HAVE BEEN DEFINED.
SEVERAL HYPOTHESES ABOUT POSSIBLE
CAUSES OF A MANAGEMENT DILEMMA HAVE
BEEN DEVELOPED.
CERTAIN HYPOTHESES ABOUT POSSIBLE
CAUSES OF A MANAGEMENT DILEMMA
HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED.
*DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES*

 DECRIPTION OF
POPULATION
CHARACTERISTICS (WHO,
WHAT, WHERE, WHEN AND
HOW OF A TOPIC)
 ESTIMATES THE
FREQUENCY OF THE
CHARATERISTICS
 DISCOVERY OF
ASSOCIATIONS AMONG
VARIABLES
*CAUSAL STUDIES*
 CAUSATION IS A
“PRODUCES” B OR A
“FORCES” B TO OCCUR

 MEETING THE IDEAL


STANDARD OF A B
CAUSATION REQUIRES
THAT ONE VARIABLE
ALWAYS CAUSES
ANOTHER AND NO OTHER
VARIABLE HAS THE SAME
CASUAL EFFECT.
MILLS METHOD OF AGREEMENT

 “When two or more


cases of a given
phenomenon have one
and only one condition in
common, then that
condition may be
regarded as the cause
(or effect) of the
phenomenon.”
The negative canon of agreement states that
where the absence of C is associated with the
absence of Z, there is evidence of a causal
relationship between C and Z

NEGATIVE
METHOD OF METHOD OF
CANON OF
AGREEMENT DIFFERENCE
AGREEMENT
Method of difference: “If there are two or more cases, and in one of them
observation Z can be made, while in the other it cannot; and if variable C
occurs when observation Z can be made, while in the other it cannot; and if
variable C occurs when observation Z is made, and does not occur when
observation Z is not made; then it can be asserted that there is a causal
relationship between C and Z.
EVIDENCE OF CAUSALITY

1. COVARIATION OF A AND  IN ADDITION TO THESE


B CONDITIONS, SUCCESSFUL
INFERENCE-MAKING FROM
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MUST
MEET TWO OTHER
2. TIME ORDER OF EVENTS REQUIREMENTS:
MOVING IN THE
HYPOTHESIZED DIRECTION
1. CONTROL

3. NO OTHER POSSIBLE 2. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT


CAUSE OF B
IF WE CONSIDER THE POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS THAT
CAN OCCUR BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES, WE CAN
CONCLUDE THERE ARE THREE POSSIBILITIES:
 SYMMETRICAL
RELATIONSHIP

 RECIPROCAL
RELATIONSHIP

 ASYMMETRICAL
RELATIONSHIPS
TYPES OF ASYMMETRICAL CAUSAL
RELATIONSHIP
THANK YOU.
REFERENCES:
COOPER D, AND SCHINDLER P. (2011) BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS.
SAUNDER, M., LEWIS P. AND A THORNHILL (2010) RESEARCH METHODS FOR BUSINESS
COOPER D, AND SCHINDLER P. (2006) BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS.
T N SRIVASTAVA AND SHAILAJA REGO (2011) BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p19m24/Distinguish-between-the-following-a-Exploratory-and-formal-studies-All-studies/

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