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Objectives:
• To introduce amplitude modulation
• To study double sideband suppressed carrier modulation (DSB-SC) systems
• To describe coherent demodulation method for amplitude modulation
• To assess the influence of carrier phase for coherent demodulation
• To briefly explain single sideband modulation (SSB) systems
• To study standard (conventional) amplitude modulation (AM) systems
• To introduce modulation index and illustrate its effect in AM
• To describe envelope demodulation in AM system
• To calculate sideband power, carrier power and transmission efficiency in AM
• To assess the noise performance in amplitude modulation systems
• To compare the performance in different amplitude modulation systems
Amplitude Modulation
Recall that
Modulation is the process by which a parameter of a carried
wave is varied in proportion to a signal.
Diagram
Amplitude Modulation
(Why?)
Amplitude Modulation
Disadvantages of DSB-SC:
AM signal generation
Waveform :
sAM(t) = Acosct + m(t)cosct = [A + m(t)]cosct
Spectrum :
SAM() = (1/2)[M( + c) + M( - c)] + A[( + m)
+ ( - m)]
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
(1) When m < 1, then m(t)max < A, the envelope is not reaching the
zero-amplitude axis of the AM wave. An envelope detector can
recover the message signal without distortion.
Example
Show that an AM signal can be recovered, irrespective of the
value of percentage modulation by using synchronous detection
technique.
Solution
sAM(t) = Acosct + m(t)cosct = [A + m(t)]cosct
In coherent detection, sAM(t) is multiplied by cosct and then
passed through a low-pass filter.
Amplitude Modulation
By definition, m = Em / Ec,
from Em = (1/2)(Emax – Emin)
and Ec = Emin + Em = Emin + (1/2)(Emax – Emin)
= (1/2)(Emax + Emin)
so that m = (Emax – Emin) / (Emax + Emin)
Amplitude Modulation
Envelop detector
The simplest envelope detector is a nonlinear charging circuit
with a fast charge time and a slow discharge time.
It can easily be constructed using a diode in series with a
capacitor.
Amplitude Modulation
If the RC value is too large, the envelope detector may miss some
positive half-cycles of the carrier.
If the RC value is too small, the envelope detector generates a
very ragged waveform, losing some of its efficiency.
Total power can be expressed as the sum of the carrier power, Pc,
and sideband power, Ps. A2 m2 (t )
Pt Pc Ps
2 2
Carrier power 1 cos 2c t A2
Pc A cos ct A
2 2 2
2 2
Sideband power 2
m (t )
Ps m(t )2 cos2 ct
2
The transmission efficiency of AM signal
The amount of useful message power present in AM wave is
expressed by a term called transmission efficiency.
Ps Ps m 2 (t )
Pt Pc Ps A2 m 2 (t )
Amplitude Modulation
Example Tone modulation
Message signal m(t) = Amcosmt
AM signal sAM(t) = Acosct + m(t)cosct
= Acosct + Amcosmtcosct
=A[1 + (Am/A) cosmt]cosct
= A(1 + m cosmt)cosct
= Acosct + m A cosmtcosct
we have A2 1 1 2 2 A2 1 2 2 A2 1 2 m2
Pt s AM (t )
2
m A m A (1 m ) Pc (1 )
2 22 2 4 2 2 2
Ps m2
Pc Ps 2 m2
Because m 1, the transmission efficiency of an AM system is
at best 33%.
Amplitude Modulation
Example
A given AM braoadcast station transmits an average carrier
power output of 40 kW and uses a modulation index of 0.707
for sine wave modulation. Calculate (a) the total average
power output ; (b) the transmission efficiency ; and (c) the
peak amplitude of output if the antenna is represented by a
50 resistive load.
Solution
Pt = Pc(1 + m2/2)
For m = 0.707, Pt = Pc(1 + 1/4) = (5/4)Pc = (5/4) 40 = 50 kW
Pc = A2 / 2R, A2 = 2RPc = 4 106
(1 + m)A = 3414 V
Amplitude Modulation
2 Wm
Wm
The output noise power 1
No
2 2
d
2 0 2
d
2
0
d
2
The output SNR for the baseband system:
2 Ps
SNRo ,base
Wm
Angle Modulation
SNR o , AM
Amplitude Modulation
Receiver end
Standard AM (large carrier) system:
• Simple and inexpensive envelope detectors.
• Preferably used in public communication systems where a
transmitter is associated with a large number of receivers.
Transmission efficiency
Suppressed carrier system: 100%
Standard AM system: the maximum efficiency is only 33.3%,
corresponding to m = 1.
Amplitude Modulation
Noise performance
Conclusion
• Each type of amplitude has its advantages
and disadvantages.
• Each circumstance must be evaluated on
its own merits and the choice of
modulation tailored to that situation.
Questions (Amplitude Modulation)
1. Name three parameters of the carrier that can be varied to
produce modulation.
2. Define amplitude modulation.
3. Is the signal modulated when it transmits through a baseband
communication system?
4. How to generate a DSB-SC signal?
5. Draw a time-domain and frequency-domain picture of a DSB-
SC signal.
6. What is the demodulation method for DSB-SC signal?
7. What is tone modulation?
8. What is the influence of carrier phase for coherent
demodulation?
9. What are the key advantages offered by AM over DSB-SC?
Questions (Amplitude Modulation)
(2) m = 0.429
(4)