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Literature Review of

Acoustic Source Location Algorithms

Shikhar Kothari (150040031)


Need for Structural Health Monitoring
● Concrete structures could deteriorate due to fatigue, chemical reactions, unpredictable
disasters, inadequate workmanship
● Visual investigations do not give sufficient and timely information
● Benefits of SHM
○ Increased Safety
○ Detecting Early Safety Risks
○ Longer Life Spans
○ Cost Efficiency
Sources of Acoustic Emission
● Impact of a foreign object
● Crack formation or corrosion
● Structural element failure
● Friction between two parts of a structure
Wave Propagation
● In unbounded medium, only longitudinal and transverse wave exist

● Medium having one bounded surface introduces rayleigh waves at the surface

● Medium with two surfaces further introduces lamb waves at some distance from the
source
Parameters of Acoustic Emission
● AE hit
● Ring Counts
● Rise Time
● Duration
● Energy
● RA value = Rise Time/Max Amplitude
● Average frequency = Ring Count/Duration
Parametric Analysis
● Signal characteristic parameters are used to
assess the degree of damage as well as
identification of nature of damage

● Allows real time monitoring and assessment of


damage

● AE waveforms with short rise time and high


frequency refer to the the tensile mode of crack

● Shear type of cracks usually result in longer


waveforms, with lower frequency and longer rise
time
Selection of type of sensor
● The type of transducer most often used in AE application is piezoelectric

● Resonance (narrow-band) and broadband sensors, are common in AE testing

● For inspecting concrete with the help of AE sensors, sensors with working frequency
lower than 60 kHz are preferred

● For metals, AE sensors with effective frequency of 300 kHz are found suitable

● Electric signal from piezoelectric sensors is usually weak, pre-amplifiers are used to
boost the signal amplitude
Factors affecting source location
● Estimation of time of arrival
● Velocity model
● Accuracy of sensor coordinates
● Mis-identification of arrival wave type
● Sensor Geometry
Source Localization Techniques
Triaxial Method
● Based on the P and S wave arrival times, the
relative distance d is expressed as

● Signal amplitudes are used to determine the


relative azimuth
● Least square method is used to get best
solutions
● Stability of azimuthal angle is major concern
Zonal Location Method
● Provides estimation of zone in which source is located

● Primary zone is defined by first triggered sensor

● Further divisions of primary zone is done by the data from


nearby sensors

● Major advantage over point location methods as it need


not determine the precise location

● No prerequisite of minimum number of triggered sensors

● Assumes all sensors to be triggered by same wave,


presumably P-wave
Point Source Location Method
● Uses the basic relation between wave speed and time difference of arrival

● Can be non-iterative like USBM and Inglada method

● Can be iterative like Geiger's method or Simplex method

○ Formulate error functions from basic relationship between wave speed and time
difference of arrival

○ Minimise error function value by methods like least square, simplex, etc.
Case Study I
Sensor X Y
Slab with sensor geometry as a semi-circle
Number Coordinate Coordinate
● Slab is of size 750 mm X 750 mm (in mm) (in mm)
● Wave Speed = 3600 mm/sec
1 375 575
● Sensor 6 has been triggered at first
● Only sensor 1, 2 and 4 were triggered 2 225 525
after sensor 6
3 175 375

4 225 225

5 375 175

6 375 375
Case Study I results
Actual Source Location (X,Y) = (347.7, 365) mm
Location from algorithm (X,Y) = (325, 475) mm
Case Study II Sensor X Coordinate Y Coordinate
Number (in mm) (in mm)
Slab with sensor array geometry as zig-zag
1 150 150
● Slab is of size 1000 mm X 1000 mm 2 150 500
● Wave Speed = 3600 mm/sec
3 150 850
● Sensor 6 has been triggered at first
● Only sensor 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8 were 4 500 850
triggered after sensor 6
5 850 850

6 850 500

7 850 150

8 500 150
Case Study II results
Actual Source Location (X,Y) = (431.8, 474.3) mm
Location from algorithm (X,Y) = (434.2, 481.4) mm
References
● K M Holford ‘ Acoustic Emission - Basic Principles and Future Directions’. School of Engineering,
Cardiff University

● Arash Behnia, Hwa Kian Chai, Tomoki Shiotani 'Advanced structural health monitoring of concrete
structures with the aid of acoustic emission', Elsevier

● Dimitrios G. Aggelis 'Classification of cracking mode in concrete by acoustic emission parameters',


Elsevier

● Shahiron Shahidan et al.‘Damage classification in reinforced concrete beam by acoustic emission


signal analysis', Elsevier

● Tribikram Kundu ‘Acoustic source localization', Elsevier

● Maochen GE ‘Analysis of source location algorithms’. Pennsylvania State University

● Jennifer S. Riefenberg ‘A Simplex-Method-Based Algorithm for Determining the Source Location of


Microseismic Events’ U.S. Bureau of Mines
THANK YOU

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