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● Medium having one bounded surface introduces rayleigh waves at the surface
● Medium with two surfaces further introduces lamb waves at some distance from the
source
Parameters of Acoustic Emission
● AE hit
● Ring Counts
● Rise Time
● Duration
● Energy
● RA value = Rise Time/Max Amplitude
● Average frequency = Ring Count/Duration
Parametric Analysis
● Signal characteristic parameters are used to
assess the degree of damage as well as
identification of nature of damage
● For inspecting concrete with the help of AE sensors, sensors with working frequency
lower than 60 kHz are preferred
● For metals, AE sensors with effective frequency of 300 kHz are found suitable
● Electric signal from piezoelectric sensors is usually weak, pre-amplifiers are used to
boost the signal amplitude
Factors affecting source location
● Estimation of time of arrival
● Velocity model
● Accuracy of sensor coordinates
● Mis-identification of arrival wave type
● Sensor Geometry
Source Localization Techniques
Triaxial Method
● Based on the P and S wave arrival times, the
relative distance d is expressed as
○ Formulate error functions from basic relationship between wave speed and time
difference of arrival
○ Minimise error function value by methods like least square, simplex, etc.
Case Study I
Sensor X Y
Slab with sensor geometry as a semi-circle
Number Coordinate Coordinate
● Slab is of size 750 mm X 750 mm (in mm) (in mm)
● Wave Speed = 3600 mm/sec
1 375 575
● Sensor 6 has been triggered at first
● Only sensor 1, 2 and 4 were triggered 2 225 525
after sensor 6
3 175 375
4 225 225
5 375 175
6 375 375
Case Study I results
Actual Source Location (X,Y) = (347.7, 365) mm
Location from algorithm (X,Y) = (325, 475) mm
Case Study II Sensor X Coordinate Y Coordinate
Number (in mm) (in mm)
Slab with sensor array geometry as zig-zag
1 150 150
● Slab is of size 1000 mm X 1000 mm 2 150 500
● Wave Speed = 3600 mm/sec
3 150 850
● Sensor 6 has been triggered at first
● Only sensor 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8 were 4 500 850
triggered after sensor 6
5 850 850
6 850 500
7 850 150
8 500 150
Case Study II results
Actual Source Location (X,Y) = (431.8, 474.3) mm
Location from algorithm (X,Y) = (434.2, 481.4) mm
References
● K M Holford ‘ Acoustic Emission - Basic Principles and Future Directions’. School of Engineering,
Cardiff University
● Arash Behnia, Hwa Kian Chai, Tomoki Shiotani 'Advanced structural health monitoring of concrete
structures with the aid of acoustic emission', Elsevier