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Quantitative Research
Case study: Middlemist, Knowles, & Matter (1976)
Intro to Ethics
Essential Understandings
Psychologists don’t “prove” anything; they support or
refute hypotheses
Operationalization
Reflect on noise hypothesis
H1: Participants will memorize more words from a list of 40
unrelated words when they are in a quiet room than when
listening to the radio.
What are controls we can set up?
Lab Experiment
Standardization
Replication
Limitations
Extraneous variables
Replication
Ethics
Lack of consent
Lack of debriefing
Quasi- and Natural Experiments
No random allocation
Quasi grouping
Cannot randomly assign variables (e.g. depression, gender,
age, etc)
Generalizability?
Natural experiment
IV is out of researcher’s control
Pre-test/post-test design
Positive correlation
x increases; y increases
Negative correlation
x increases; y decreases
Bidirectional ambiguity
Correlation ≠ causation!
Cause and Effect
Are these findings from news headlines causal or
correlational? How would the research have been done?
Matched pairs
Demand Characteristics
Participants may act differently because they know they are in a
study
Good-participant Role
Attempts to understand the hypothesis and confirm it
Negative-participant Role
Attempts to understand the hypothesis to destroy credibility (screw-
you effect)
Faithful-participant Role
Exactly follows instructions given by researcher
Apprehensive-participant Role
Worries about researcher’s judgment; behaves purposely in a socially
desirable way so the researcher likes them
Defeating Demand Characteristics
Minimize interaction
Deception
Double-blind study
Many experimenters
Be aware of bias
Ethics
In 1976, Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter wanted to test whether
or not the presence of others had an impact on how long it took
men to urinate in a public toilet. They selected a bathroom with
three urinals. One of the researchers stood either at the urinal
right next to the unsuspecting participant, one urinal away from
the participant, or they were not present in the bathroom. The
other researcher hid in a toilet stall and measured the time it took
for the subject to begin urinating.
With no one present, the average time was 4.8 seconds; with a
researcher one urinal away, 6.2 seconds; with a researcher in the
next urinal over, 8.4 seconds.
2. Does this study have value? How could we apply the findings?
Video on Basic Ethics
Ethics in Psychology
Reviewing Hypothesis HW
Dig out your hypothesis homework from the other night.
Remember these base questions?
IV/DV?