OTHER

VOLCANIC
LANDFORMS
(Caldera)

A caldera is a volcanic feature formed by the

collapse of a volcano into itself, making it a large,
special form of volcanic crater.

a large cauldron-like hollow that forms following

the evacuation of a magma chamber reservoir.

Collapse of the cone of a volcano.

How is a caldera formed?
A caldera collapse is usually triggered by the emptying of the
magma chamber beneath the volcano, as the result of a large
volcanic eruption.

If enough magma is erupted, the emptied chamber will not be

able to support the weight of the volcanic edifice (the
mountain) above.
Fractures will form around the edge of the chamber, usually in
a roughly circular shape.

These ring fractures may in fact serve as volcanic vents.

As the magma chamber empties, the center of the volcano
within the ring fractures begins to collapse.

The collapse may occur as the result of a single massive

(fissure eruptions)
The emergence of lava from a fissure in the groun
d rather than from a volcanic cone or vent.

occur when magma flows up through cracks in the

ground and leaks out onto the surface. These
often occur where plate movement has caused
large fractures in the earth's crust, and may also
spring up around the base of a volcano with a
central vent.

These often occur where plate movement has

caused large fractures in the earth's crust, and
may also spring up around the base of
(Volcanic necks)
A volcanic plug, also called a volcanic neck or
lava neck, is a volcanic landform created when
lava hardens within a vent on an active volcano.

When forming, a plug can cause an extreme build-

up of pressure if volatile-charged magma is
trapped beneath it, and this can sometimes lead
to an explosive eruption.

is the remnant of an old volcano. As

the volcano died, the last bit of lava inside of
the volcanoes opening, or neck, cooled and
 Intrusive
Igneous activity
The magma that do not reach the surface cools down
the and harden beneath the volcano and form
different igneous rocks.

Most magma is emplaced at depth and the structure

that results from emplacement and crystallization of
magma beneath the Earth’s surface is called PLUTON
(Plutonic igneous rocks)
Classified according to:

SHAPE
- TABULAR OR MASSIVE

ORIENTATION WITH RESPECT TO THE

HOST ROCK

DISCORDANT
- IF IT CUTS ACROSS EXISTING
STRUCTURES

CONCORDANT
diKES

Tabular,discordant bodies that are produced

when magma is injected into fractures
Sills

Tabular plutons formed when magma is

injected along sedimentary bedding surfaces
Product of very fluid magmas
Most are composed of the rock basalt
Form in near-suface environments and often
cools quickly generating an aphanitc texture.
Laccoliths
Similar to sills when formed but the magma is more viscous
and collect as lens-shaped mass that arches the overlying
strata upward.

Batholiths

Largest igneous bodies that occur in grous that form linear

structures several hundreds of kilometers long and upto 100
kilometers wide.

Consist of rock types having chemical compositions toward

the granitic end

Stocks are smaller plutons or batholiths