MODELING OF WATER LOGGING IN

THE SELECTED PARTS OF CHITTAGONG

Presented by
Ahad Hasan Tanim ID:1001001
Mosammat Anjuman Ara ID:1001061

Supervised by
Dr. Aysha Akter
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,CUET
1.BACKGROUND

Drainage system is a crucial issue in urban towns especially for

those in the coastal zones, where rivers adjacent to towns
experience tidal effect from sea. Lack of adequate drainage,
improper management and unavailability of detailed knowledge
on changed hydrological cycle are the key reasons. Insurrection
of water logging problem resulting from poor drainage system.

.
BACKGROUND(CONT’D)

Earlier HEC-HMS model has been used to simulate this

problem. Hence its application restricted due to self processing
stream network and inadequacy to simulate urban drainage
problems we switched to SWMM(Storm Water Management
Model ) for following features:
1.SWMM is a full dynamic wave simulation model used for
single event or long-term simulation of runoff quantity to
convert overland flow.
2.Able to accommodate all urban land use features.
3. Hydraulic modeling capabilities for drainage system capable
to identify water logging problems in drainage network
2.PROBLEM STATEMENT
Water logging problem tangle overall urban life during this
phenomena. Overall scenario can be realized from the types of
problem faced during water logging in 2013 tabulated(CCC annual
report 2013) below:
Problems Percentage
Disruption of traffic 88
movement
Disruption of normal life 93
Damage of roads 70
Water pollution 95
Water born diseases 84
Increase mosquito 88
Damages of trees and 48
vegetation
Damage of household 65
goods
3.OBJECTIVE
The specific objective of this study is to model
hydrologic and hydraulic features for the parts of
Chittagong city. To achieve this objective the associated
objectives are:
1 .To set a numerical model SWMM.
2. To identify the most vulnerable water logging nodes
at different drain.
4.METHODOLOGY
Study area:
The study area comprises several most water logging
prone wards of Chittagong City Corporation(CCC) area
such as Chadgaon, Panchlaish, West Sholashahar, East
Sholashahar and Bakalia. But the boundary of study area
entirely depends on Sub-watershed boundaries that
covers the intended study area.
4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)
Existing Drainage Systems:
The existing drainage systems of study area comprises with
three types of drainage systems (CDA Drainage Master
Plan, 1995).
 Primary drainage systems are mainly based on natural
channels which existed before the city was developed
such as Mirza, Chaktai, Noakhals, Dumkhali.
 Secondary Khals which carry discharge from tertiary
systems to the primary khals, are in some cases original
natural channel but very often manmade channels.
 Tertiary or roadside channels have been constructed over
the study area in a random manner
4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)

Green shaded
area indicates
study area

Figure-:Subcatchment
Figure :Study Area
Boundary developed by HEC-
GeoHMS
4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)
Model Parameter:
 Digital Elevation Model (DEM): Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
(SRTM) 1 arc-second (30m)
 Land use data;USGS
Table-:Subcatchments Properties
Sub catchment Area(hectares) Width(m) % % slope
ID imperviousnes
s
14 285.17 2485 6.84 3.17
17 667.67 3766 36.67 4.04
18 114.61 933 28.16 4.41
15 113.93 1253 16.98 2.98
16 224.24 1248 54 4.45
25 210.17 1340 39.64 3.17
26 273.95 1742 37.32 4.78
33 207.07 2637 27.44 2.44
32 62.9 1026 69.78 4.78
42 41.27 605 57.13 2.92
34 99.75 950 26.25 3.26
4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)
 Precipitation and Temperature Data for the year 2014 is collected from
Bangladesh Meteorological Department(BMD) Potenga Weather Station
Station ID:419780
Latitude: 22.26 ,Longitude: 91.81 ,Altitude: 4m
 Evapo-transpiration Data is derived from CROPWATv8.0 by Penman-
Monteith Method
 Manning’s roughness value n selected for different land use
types(Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics)
Land Use Manning’s n Land Use Manning’s n
type type
Impermeable .012 Asphalt .013
surface
Concrete .011 Vegetation .025-.05
Channels not .04-.06 Lined or .011-.013
maintained, Constructed
weeds and Channels
brush uncut
4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)

 Routing method ; dynamic wave routing(Rrobert

dickson, SWMM user manual,)

 Infiltration method ; Horton method

 Surface run off : Manning's equation

 Depression storage: .0303*S^-.49 , where S= %

slope
 Imperviousness : New Jerssey equation (SWMM
user manual)
4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)

Overall model set up can be divided into 2 parts:

1.Hydrological modelling
2.Hydraulc modelling
Hydrologic modelling:
Control
Specification
Spatial Analysis
1.Slope Analysis
2.Flow Accumulation
3.Flow direction Runoff
SWMM
Analysis Hydrograph
DEM
Subcatchment
delineation
Rainfall
Land use study and Evapo-transpiration
data
 4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)
Hydraulic Modelling:
Hydrologic
Channel
Modelling
Geometry
1.River Centerline
DEM 2.Bank line
Runoff
3.Manning’s
Hydrograph
roughness value n

Contour
SWMM
Map SWMM Water
Channel
Flow logging
Topography
routing Analysis

DEM Grid
HEC-GeoRAS
Without Bathymetry(Cross
Depression section )
Information
4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)
Hydrologic Modelling:
 Subcatchments Boundary is developed by Arc-GIS(Geographic
Information System)v9.3 HEC-GeoHMS tool.
 Spatial Analysis: To model the hydrologic features of the study
area several spatial analysis using raw DEM is conducted
further those parameter is incorporated with SWMM
environment by zonal analysis of Arc-GIS
1. Slope analysis: To obtain % slope of each subcatchment

2. Flow accumulation :To determine water logging potential

zone in different areas where slope based flow get
accumulated.
4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)

 Flow direction in SWMM is developed when channel

topography is created.
 Rainfall time series: This is the rainfall amount with a
constant interval for a continuous simulation.
 Routing method: SWMM Dynamic wave routing based
on Newton-Raphson iterative method used for model
routing.
 Soil data : CDA drainage master plan,1995
 Channel Alignment : CDA drainage master plan,1995
4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)
The compass
direction that a
topographic
Elevations slope faces,
(m)of usually
different measured in
degrees from
region of
north
CCC area

Figure:Aspect Map of CCC area

Figure. DEM of CCC area
 4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)

Slope of
study area
is 0-5%
White raster region inside boundary
indicated areas with lowest elevation
flow accumulating more

Figure:Flow Accumulation CDA area Figure:Slope Analysis of CCC area

4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)

Back
water
effect

Karnaphulli
Gravity flow Direction River
based on channel slope

Back water effec

Figure: Flow direction

5.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)

Hydraulic Modelling:
HEC-Geo RAS: Arc-GIS HEC-GeoRAS tool has been used to
obtain and extract natural channel cross section for hydraulic
modelling from Grid data. SWMM has a good accuracy and
efficiency to import those cross section along the channel
alignment with following features:
 River centerline

 Flow path

 Cross section

 Flood plain

 Ineffective area
5.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)

 DEM is converted as DEM Grid to obtain channel

bathymetry information.
 Each cross section contains channel, floodplain, bank
line, ineffective area, flow obstruction information.
 Channel alignment is obtained from CDA vector
data(shape file).
 Manning’s n selected for each cross section.
 Finally Irregular cross section or transects in SWMM
imported from HEC-GeoRAS, contains a channel
topography with information described above
 4.METHODOLOGY(CONT’D)

HEC-GeoRAS Geometry

Extracted cross
section
Figure:Importing HEC-GeoRAS
SWMM cross section in SWMM
model
5.FINDINGS
The model is analyzed for a time series 1st May,2014 up to 31st
August 2014.On June.2014 most severe water logging is
observed in different areas of Chittagong for which obtained
result is shown in this analysis. SWMM analysis results
following important parameter to identify water logging:
 Subcatchment runoff

 Runoff hydrograph

 Node surcharge

 Node flooding

 Link Capacity

.
RESULTS:
Model Continuity Error:
 The Continuity Error (%) found from model analysis -
0.252.
 It just means that the sum of the initial storage + Direct
Inflow + Dry Weather Flow + Surface Runoff +
Subsurface Runoff + External Inflow - the final storage -
internal outflow (flooding) - external outflow (flow out
the outfalls) - storage losses is not balanced by this
amount.
 It is recommended that less than 1 percent excellent, 1 to
2 percent good and five percent is acceptable as long as
one isolate where the 5 percent continuity is occurring
6.RESULTS(CONT’D)
Table: Sub catchment runoff
Sub Total Total Infiltration Total Runoff Total Runoff
catchment precipitation Evaporation (mm) (mm) Volume(Million
(mm) (mm) liter)

HB-14 1469.12 101.04 330.91 1035.88 2959.93

HB-17 1469.12 104.69 80.09 1284.61 8577.00
HB-18 1469.12 102.14 93.31 1275.01 1461.30
HB-15 1469.12 102.07 167.96 1198.62 1605.32
HB-16 1469.12 102.62 92.94 1274.83 2858.69
HB-25 1469.12 103.52 122.12 1243.83 2614.18
HB-26 1469.12 103.42 81.41 1285.74 3522.30
HB-33 1469.12 99.70 150.04 1221.03 2528.41
HB-32 1469.12 93.43 62.43 1315.13 827.22
HB-42 1469.12 98.28 43.23 1329.51 548.69
HB-34 1469.12 101.01 149.00 1219.24 1216.20
6.RESULTS(CONT’D)

Subcatchment HB-14 Runoff (CMS) Subcatchment HB-17 Runoff (CMS)

Subcatchment HB-18 Runoff (CMS) Subcatchment HB-15 Runoff (CMS)
Subcatchment HB-16 Runoff (CMS) Subcatchment HB-25 Runoff (CMS)

22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
Runoff (CMS)

14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
5/31 6/2 6/4 6/6 6/8 6/10 6/12 6/14 6/16 6/18 6/20 6/22 6/24 6/26 6/28
2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014

Figure:Hydrograph of different
Subcatchment
6.RESULTS(CONT’D)
Subcatchment HB-26 Runoff (CMS) Subcatchment HB-33 Runoff (CMS)
Subcatchment HB-32 Runoff (CMS) Subcatchment HB-42 Runoff (CMS)
Subcatchment HB-34 Runoff (CMS)

8.0
7.0
Runoff (CMS)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
6/2 6/4 6/6 6/8 6/10 6/12 6/14 6/16 6/18 6/20 6/22 6/24 6/26 6/28
2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014

Figure:Hydrograph of different Subcatchment

6.RESULS 1.Due to flow direction runoff discharge is
accumulating in this zone, indicating most vulnerable
zone of water logging if link does not enough capacity
to drain out.
2.Land adjacent to this channel get inundated during
heavy rainfall

Flow direction

Figure:Runoff volume(June,2014) carried by drainage network

 6.RESULTS

Link
Capacity
more than 1
or 100%
indicates
inundated

Coordinate
Figure:Vulnerable drain and their location system:
analyzed for water logging 22nd June,2014 UTM
6.DISCUSSION
 The majority of the watershed has soils with equivocal infiltration
rates. These infiltration rates are often significantly influence on
direct runoff. A simple runoff model cannot accurately portray this
phenomenon.
 One weather/precipitation file was created for the entire watershed .
As there are one rain gauge station is used spatial variation of rainfall
was not able to simulate by this model.
 Variation of Manning’s n with vertical depth cannot be model in
SWMM.
 Continuous hourly rainfall data was not available in rain gauge
station.
 For hydraulic modelling resolution of DEM effects the overall model
results.
 This model assigns a flow direction without considering solid waste
accumulation.
RECOMMENDATION:
 If USGS High resolution customary 3m DEM can use in this project,
this model will be more accurate.
 Due to tidal effect at downstream the backwater effect is remarkable,
this can be simulated using tidal curve.
 Storm induced water logging is most susceptible to this modelling.
 A current meter can be used for model calibration which can
calibrate model discharge with field discharge.
 Land use study and manning’s n value both are depends on vigorous
study on project area, these parameter should determine more
carefully.
 Rain Water Harvesting is the most economical solution to get rid of
this situation.
 Rain Barrel type LID(Low Impact Development) is highly
recommended with its proper awareness to get a sustainable solution
of this problem.
THANK YOU ALL