A Review of Work Done “BRAIN PATTERN RECOGNITION

BASED CLASSIFICATION NEURODEGENERATIVE DESEASE”

by HAPPILA.T, KINGSTON STANLEY.P, Karuniya University

Problem Explored:- In this project a system is being introduced which

automatically classifies the kind of neurodegenerative disease.
 Basic image processing like
 Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) - feature extraction have been done
in input image.
 Gray Level Co Matrix (GLCM) - Neural network methodologies have
been used for testing and training the image.
INTRODUCTION
• Medical imaging is a challenging field comprised different imaging modalities and
processes that play a vital role in imaging human body and more specifically
human brain for diagnostic and treatment purposes and therefore has a prominent
role in the improvement of public health in all population groups so as to reduce
the health issues.

• Early and accurate diagnosis of neural disorder is the cause for implementing
successful therapy and treatment planning.

• Diagnosis is a very exigent task due to the large variance and complexity
of disorder regarding characterization in images such as size, shape, and
intensities and can only be accomplished by professional neuroradiologists.
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• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a type of scan that uses
strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of
the inside of the body.
• The scan will last between 15 and 90 minutes, depending on the size
of the area being scanned and how many images are taken.
• The results of an MRI scan can be used to help diagnose conditions,
plan treatments and appraise.
• MRI scanning is the most promising modality in Brain imaging.
 II. DATABASE

• This work consists of three data bases: for normal brain MRI,
Parkinson affected brain MRI and Schizophrenia affected brain MRI.
 Parkinson's disease (PD) is a
neurodegenerative disorder that
affects predominately dopamine-
producing (“dopaminergic”)
neurons in a specific area of the
brain called substantia nigra.
 Schizophrenia is A disorder that
affects a person's ability to think,
feel and behave clearly.
 Each data base is consisted of 10
samples which are all preferably
T2-weighted MRI images with
same resolution .
III. GENERATIVE MODEL
• Degenerative diseases have impact on body's activities, like balance, movement,
talking, breathing, and heart function. Many of these diseases occur as a result of
genetic disorder.
• Neuroimaging, which is a term used by scientists who are interested in seeing
aspects of the way the brain works and how the brain is structured, is important
for humans‘ understanding of the nervous system.
• the various feature extraction of brain followed by pattern recognition based
classification of neurodegenerative disease by support vector machine (SVM)
• The proposed method is based on the following techniques:
GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix) and
SVM (Support Vector Machine ).
GLCM is used to get necessary features to train SVM .
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IV. IMAGE PREPROCESSING
• Most images are affected to some extent by noise that is unexplained and
uninterruptable in case of variation in data.
• Image analysis can be simplified provided this noise can be filtered out.
• Mean filter, or average filter is windowed filter of linear class, that smoothes
signal (image).

V. GLCM FEATURES EXTRACTION

• Feature extraction is a distinctive form of dimensionality reduction.
• Feature extraction involves simplifying the amount of resources required to
describe a large set of data unerringly.
A. Gray-level co-occurrence matrix
• One of the simplest approaches for describing texture is to use statistical moments of
the intensity histogram of an image or region.
• The gray co-matrix function in MATLAB is used to create a gray-level co-
occurrence matrix (GLCM) which involves calculating how often a pixel with the
intensity (gray-level) value i occurs in a specific spatial relationship to a pixel with
the value j.

B. Extracted features are listed below

1) Contrast: a measure of intensity contrast between a pixel and its neighbor over the
entire image.
2) Energy: a measure of uniformity where is maximum when the image is constant.
3) Homogeneity: a measure of spatial closeness of the distribution of the co-
occurrence matrix.
4) Entropy: The measure of randomness of the elements of the co-occurrence matrix.
VI. CLASSIFICATION
• Classification analyses the numerical properties of image features and
organize the data into different categories.
• It is two phases of processing training phase and testing phase.

A, Support vector machine

• A classification system based on statistical learning theory is called
Support Vector Machine.
• A number of methods have been proposed to generate multiclass SVM
from binary SVM by researchers and is still an ongoing research topic.
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VI.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
• The gray level texture features which have been extracted through GLCM
algorithm for the considered images have a notable difference the training and
testing of SVM easier.
• The future work focuses on collecting more samples of various other
abnormalities and bringing out the efficient classification through SVM.
Thank you!