Energy

From
Municipal Solid
Waste
Submitted To. Submitted By.
Prof. G L Sivakumar Babu Lucky Kumar
Professor, Geotechnical Engineering Division, Sr. No. 16107
Department of Civil Engineering, M.Tech in Geotechnical Engineering
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Batch : 2018-2020
Content
 Municipal Solid Waste
 MSW Generation in India
 MSW Management Practice in India
 Energy from MSW
Waste to Energy : A Case Study of Eluru, A.P, India
Municipal Solid Waste
Municipal Solid Waste includes residential and commercial waste generated in a
municipal or notified area in either solid or semi solid form excluding hazardous waste
but including treated biomedical wastes.
MSW Generation in India
• Waste is an unavoidable by-product of human activities. India is one of the under
developed country of the world,.India is the second largest nation in the world, with a
population of 1.35 billions (2018 expected). Rapid urbanization and uncontrolled
growth rate of population are main reasons for enhancement of municipal solid
waste (MSW) generation.
• The per capita MSW generation in India ranges from 0.2 to 0.8 kg/capita/day
depending upon the region’s lifestyle and the size of the city and amount of per
capita MSW generated in India is increasing at a rate of 1.33% annually ( Pappu et al.,
2007; Shekdar, 2009)
• Analysis of physical composition indicates total compostable matter in the waste is in
the range of 40-60 percent while recyclable fraction was observed between 10 and
25 per cent. The moisture content in the MSW was observed to vary from 30 to 60
per cent while the C:N ratio was observed to be in the range of 20-40.
SOLID WASTE GENERATION IN 15 METROCITIES

Source: CPCB (http://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/hwmd/trend_46_cities_list.pdf)

MSW MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN INDIA
Unfortunately, no city in India can claim 100%
segregation of waste at dwelling unit and on
an average only 70% waste collection is
observed, while the remaining 30% is again
mixed up and lost in the urban environment.
Out of total waste collected, only 12.45%
waste is scientifically processed and rest is
disposed in opendumps (CPCB Report, 2013)
Existing and future land requirement for
disposal of MSW along with growth in
population and MSW generation is shown in
Figure. Environment friendliness, cost
effectiveness, and acceptability to the local
community are major attributes to achieve Figure: Prediction Plot for MSW generation, land
efficient solid waste management system. requirement, and population from 2001 to 2051.
In India, almost every city, town, or village adopted unscientific disposal of MSW. The
existing practice and technology availability for MSWM for 59 cities have been indicated in
Figure (Kumar et al., 2009).

MSWM practices in selected Indian cities (Kumar et al., 2009).

The following disposal practices are in use in hierarchy
a. Open dumping
In India, MSW generated is usually directly disposed on low lying area in routine way
violating the practices of sanitary landfilling. Almost no ULBs have adequate sanitary
landfilling facility and MSW is dumped in the outskirts of town along the roads.
Unscientific dumping is prone to flooding and major source of surface water
contamination during monsoon and ground water contamination due to percolation of
leachate (Mor, Ravindra, Dahiya, & Chandra, 2006).
b. Landfilling
Landfilling would continue to be extensively accepted practice in India, though
metropolitan centers like Delhi, Mumbai,Bangalore, Kolkata and Chennai have limited
availability of land for waste disposal and designated landfill sites are running beyond
their capacity (Sharholy, Ahmad, Mahmood, & Trivedi, 2008).
According to CPCB, 2013 report, till date, India has 59 constructed landfill sites and 376
are under planning and implementation stage. Apart from this, 1305 sites have been
identified for future use.
Energy from MSW
Waste to Energy: An Opportunity Too Good to Waste
Energy from MSW
MSW-to-Energy is the use of thermochemical
and biochemical technologies to recover energy,
usually in the form of electricity and steam, from
urban wastes.
These new technologies can reduce the volume of
the original waste by 90%, depending upon
composition and use of outputs.
A study conducted by United Nations
Environmental Program (UNEP) has shown that
green house gas emission from landfill can be
significantly reduced by following environmentally
sound management of hazardous and other
wastes (UNEP, 2008, 2010):
There are various options available to convert solid waste to energy such as Incineration,
Sanitary landfill (landfill gas), Gasification, Pyrolysis, Anaerobic digestion, and other types.
All these technologies have merits and demerits. The choice of the technology should be
based on the local and socio-economic conditions as well as waste quality and quantity.
Solid waste can be directly combusted (known as mass burning) in waste-to-energy
facilities (WTE) as a fuel with minimal processing, or it can be gasified using digestion,
pyrolysis or thermal gasification techniques. Mass burning is the oldest, simplest and
most popular method of recovering energy from municipal solid waste (Kumar, 2000).
The heat given off is converted into steam, which can then be passed through a turbine
to generate electricity.
The most important advantage of incineration technology is the size reduction
that eases the problem of waste dumping, reducing landfill space requirements.
About 75% of weight reduction and 90% of volume reduction is achieved
through
However,burning.
the main objection of such plants is the air pollution caused mainly
from CO2, SO2, NOx, dioxin, furan & particulate matter. Also, the ash contains
toxic elements such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury,
Modern air pollution control devices such as wet or dry scrubbers along with
electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters are used to control and reduce potentially
harmful particulates and gases from incinerator emissions, which results in additional
cost (about 30% of the power plant cost) and makes it financially unattractive.
Alternatively, sanitary landfill is a good choice if sufficient land is available and
proper care is taken to treat the leachate and landfill gas (LFG).

LFG is produced by the natural anaerobic (oxygen free) decomposition of

organic matter in MSW; typically methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
comprise 99% of LFG, with trace gases including carbon monoxide, hydrogen,
nitrogen, etc.
Since methane is a potentially explosive gas, and is a more effective
greenhouse gas, it has to be controlled at each landfill.
India Waste to Energy Potential
According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), there exists a
potential of about 1700 MW from urban waste (1500 from MSW and 225 MW from
sewage) and about 1300 MW from industrial waste. The ministry is also actively
promoting the generation of energy from waste, by providing subsidies and incentives
for the projects.
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) estimates indicate that India
has so far realized only about 2% of its waste-to-energy potential.
There are 5 MSW to energy plants with cumulative installed capacity of 66.5 MW are
currently operational/under trial run in the country.
Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) has received 53 proposals from 22 states with
potential to generate 405.3 MW of electricity under Swachh Bharat Mission which are
currently under various stages of construction or tendering.
 Waste to Energy: A Case Study of
Eluru, A.P, India
Eluru is a city and the district headquarters of West Godavari district in the Indian
state of Andhra Pradesh.
It has been upgraded to Municipal Corporation on 09.04.2005. The area of Eluru
Municipal Corporation is 14.55 Sq.km with a population of 1,90,062 as per 2001
Census.
The results from the survey reveal that the per capita MSW generation rate is nearly
0.12 kg/capita/day
It has been found that 59 to 65 tons of MSW in ELURU is being generated every day.

Source : J.Sudhir Kumar, Dr.K.Venkata Subbaiah and Dr.P.V.V.Prasada Rao; Waste to Energy: A Case Study of Eluru, A.P, India ;
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 1, No. 3, August 2010 (ISSN: 2010-0264)
ESTIMATION OF THE MSW CONSTITUENTS IN ELURU CORPORATION
A sample of waste by quartering method is collected from dump yard and the
estimation of MSW constituents in Eluru Corporation is as below
Constituents Actual Weight (KGS) % by Weight
Paper 25.79 27
plastic 22.9 24
Cloth 1.39 1
Food Waste 2.65 3
Wood 0.91 1
Leather 0.611 1
Coconut Threads 0.49 1
Leaves + Yard waste 15.98 17
Metal 0.042 0
Stones 1.59 2
Dirt + fine particles 22.16 23
TABLE : DATA FROM THE SAMPLE COLLECTED
Calorific Value
Table: Proximate & Ultimate Analysis of the representative sample by Quartering
Calorific value is the amount of heat Method of MSW of ELURU Municipal Corporation (M/S GADARK LAB LTD,
MUMBAI, lab analysis report of representative sample of MSW, recognized by
generated from combustion of a unit MOEF
weight of a substance, expressed as
kcal/kg. Parameter Units Test
Result
The calorific value is determined Proximate Analysis
Moisture % 30.85
experimentally using Bomb calorimeter Volatile Matter % 51.72
in which the heat generated at a Ash % 48.28
constant temperature of 250c from the Fixed Carbon % 9.8
Ultimate Analysis
combustion of a dry sample is Carbon % 31.39
measured. Hydrogen % 2.65
Oxygen % 13.50
Sulphur % 0.72
Nitrogen % 0.92
Chlorine % 0.09
Mineral Matter % 50.73
Gross Calorific Value (kCal / Kg) 1080.0
Note: All the values are on dry weight basis except moisture
RESULTS
Case I: Theoretical net power generation potential (Based on Moef lab analysis)
Net calorific value= Gross calorific value – latent heat of water vapour formed
= GCV-Mass of hydrogen per unit weight of
fuel burnt x 9 x latent Heat of steam Where,
H= % of hydrogen = 2.65
= GCV – 0.09 x H x 587 Gross calorific value = 1080 kcal/kg
= 1080-0.09x2.65x587
NCV = 940 kcal/kg
Let total waste quantity (w) = 60 metric tones
Power generation potential = 1.16 x NCV x w/24
= 1.16 x 940 x 60/24
= 2726 kW
Case II: Net power generation potential (Based on experimentation)
Gross Calorific Value (GCV) = 1687.73 kcal/kg
Total % of Hydrogen = 9.8 +2.65 =12.45%
Net Calorific Valaue (NCV) = GCV-0.09 x H x 587 Kcal/Kg.
= 1687.73-0.09 x 12.45 x 587
= 1030 kcal/kg
For 60 tons,
Power generation potential = 1.16 x NCV x W /24
= 1.16 x 1030 x 60/24
= 2987 kW
Average lower calorific value of Municipal Solid Waste = 1027.75 kcal/kg
Average higher calorific value of Municipal Solid Waste = 1687.74 kcal/kg

By the above value we can predict that by using solid waste in ELURU, nearly 3MW of
power can be generated.
For higher capacity plant MSW collection can be planned from near by villages of
corporation.
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International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 1, No. 3, August 2010 (ISSN: 2010-0264)