TEACHING STRATEGIES AND

METHODOLOGIES FOR
TEACHING AND LEARNING

A R N A L D O J A C K I LY N
TRADITIONAL
TEACHING
STRATEGIES
• The term Teaching method refers to the
general principles, pedagogy and
management strategies used for classroom
instruction.Your method depends on what
are your goals, your individual style and
your school’s vision.
 LECTURING
 DISCUSSION
 QUESTIONING
 USING AUDIO-VISUALS
 INTERACTIVE LECTURE
L- L I V E LY
E- E D U C AT I V E
C- C R E AT I V E
T- THOUGHT PROVOKING
U- U N D E R S TA N D I N G
R- RELEVANT
E- E N J O YA B L E .
LECTURING
Lecture methods • The lecture is a teaching procedure consisting of the
clarification or the explanation of facts, principles or relationships.
• A lecture (from the French 'lecture', meaning 'reading' [process]) is an
oral presentation intended to present information or teach people
about a particular subject.

PLANNING THE LECTURE • Before starting to prepare a lecture,

the instructor must be able to answer four basic questions:-
– Who is your audience?
– What is the purpose of your lecture?
– How much time is available- How long
– What is the subject matter?- What
• Advantage of lecture methods • Factual information
• Useful for large gathering
• Cost effective
• Quick and straight forward way
• Easier to create

• Disadvantage of lecture methods

• Content centered
• Need proficient oral skills- teacher need special oral skill
in delivering lecture. If they don’t have this skill then
lecture become boring, and uninteresting.
• How to improve lecture methods-
• Fit the lecture to the audience
• Focus on your topic
• Organize your points for clarity • Repeat point when
necessary
• Be enthusiastic

• A GOOD LECTURE Avoid annoying mannerisms Tailor

speech & writing proper use of body language Topic based
on need & interest Clarify concepts with examples
Lecture with respectivity of students Manage lecture in
time
• Discussion
• PURPOSES & ADVANTAGES
1. Learns problem solving method (groups)
2. Opportunity to apply principles, concepts & theories
3. Clarifies information & concepts
4. Assists to evaluate beliefs/positions (professional, societal or ethical
issues) > change in attitudes & values
DISADVANTAGES
1. Takes a lot of time
2. One person/few participants (monopolies)
3. Gathering of uninformed opinions
‘Students know exactly what they have to do for discussion’ Ex. Chapter
to read, watch a video 2. Set ground rules.
• DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES
1. MAKE EXPECTATION CLEAR
2. SET GROUND RULES
3. ARRANGE PHYSICAL SPACE
4. PLAN A DISCUSSION STARTER
5. FACILITATE, DO NOT DISCUSS
6. ENCOURAGE QUIET MEMBERS TO PARTICIPATE
7. DON’T ALLOW MONOPOLIES
8. TOLERATE SOME SILENCE. SILENCE GIVES
EVERYONEA CHANCE TO THINK
9. SUMMARIZE WHEN APPROPRIATE
QUESTIONING
QUESTIONING-
HIGHER ORDER THINKING 3. QUESTIONING CAN BE A TEACHING
STRATEGY ASK QUESTIONS

FUNCTIONS OF QUESTIONS:
FUNCTIONS OF QUESTIONS PLACES THE LEARNERS IN AN ACTIVE
ROLE SIMPLE RECALL HELPS STUDENTS ANALYZE CONCEPTS
EVALUATE WORTH OF IDEAS SPECULATE “IF”

FUNCTIONS OF QUESTIONS
*PLACES THE LEARNERS IN AN ACTIVE ROLE
*ASSESSES BASELINE KNOWLEDGE-RETENTION
*MOTIVATE STUDENTS
*HELPS REVIEW CONTENT
STIMULATING LEARNERS TO
ASK QUESTIONS
 Learners should be rewarded for asking good
questions.
Thinking is driven not by answers by good
questioning.

HOW TO ENGAGE?
• Thank or praise the learner/student for asking
question
 USING
AUDIOVISUALS
• TYPES OF TRADITIONAL AUDIOVISUALS:
1.HANDOUTS
• Printed materials – communicate facts, figures, concepts
• Saves a lot of time for information
2.CHALKBOARDS/ WHITEBOARDS
• Useful for mathematical problems
3. OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCIES (OHP)
• Saves time, helps organize and illustrates content
• Costly
4. SLIDES
• Used to show pictures, project diagrams, charts and word concepts
• ADVANTAGES OF SLIDES:
• Affordable
• Easy to store
• Easy to update/ recognize DISADVANTAGES OF SLIDES: Costly
projector bulbs – don’t last long

• 5.VIDEO TAPES In-house filming, video-clips Used during: 1) role

playing; 2) communication; 3) counseling skills
ADVANTAGES OF VIDEOTAPES: Provides personal touch Standardized
exposure – in spite of distance Used at learner’s own pacing
• DISADVANTAGES OF VIDEOTAPES
• Costly
• Communication is one way – learner’s become passive
INTERACTIVE
LECTURES
INTERACTIVE LECTURE

- Is an easy way for instructors to intellectually

engage and involve students as active participants
in a lecture-based class of any size.
- Interactive lectures include at least one
opportunity for students to interact actively and
directly with the material through a specific
learning task.
 ACTIVIT Y
BASED
TEACHING
STRATEGIES
*COOPERATIVE LEARNING
*SIMULATIONS
*PROBLEM BASED LEARNING
*SELF-LEARNING MODULES
COOPERATIVE
LEARNING
COOPERATIVE LEARNING

• Is an educational approach which

aims to organize classroom
activities into academic and social
learning experiences.
• TYPES OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING GROUPS:
A. FORMAL COOPERATIVE LEARNING GROUP
 Done in traditional class / distance learning groups
 Individual or group accountability
 Most useful in group setting
B. INFORMAL COOPERATIVE LEARNING GROUP
 Can be used in any setting
 Helps the members to understand and clarify misconceptions as well
as to share experiences
C. BASE COOPERATIVE LEARNING GROUP
 surveys/focus groups
 Applied easily to new staff orientation or preceptor programs
• ADVANTAGES OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING:
Promotes critical thinking- varied positions –discussions
Enhances social skill.
Helps address learning needs & learning styles
Members learn to function as a team.
•
• DISADVANTAGES OF COOPERATIVE
LEARNING:
DISADVANTAGES OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING >
Does not cover all content/ topics in syllabus
SIMUL ATIONS
SIMULATIONS
• Simulations is an imitation of the operation
of a real world process or system. The act
of simulating something first requires that a
model be developed; this model represents
the key characteristics, behaviors and
functions of the selected physical or
abstract system or process.
• PURPOSES & USES OF SIMULATIONS:
*Enhances interaction abilities
*Helps student learn psychomotor skills in a safe
and controlled setting
*Chance to apply theories & principles in practice
*Achieves learning objectives – communication
skills
*Helps in mastery of skills
*Helps evaluate learning (simulation tests)
• ROLE OF EDUCATOR IN SIMULATION
LEARNING:
• ROLE OF EDUCATOR IN SIMULATION
LEARNING Planner – read carefully, assign
reading Facilitator – introduce activity, moderator
Debriefer – summarize what happened, let
learners explain what they did and why, point out
principles and theories applied.
• TYPES OF SIMULATIONS:
1. SIMULATION EXERCISE Focuses on process learning Ex. Earthquake
drills, fire drills
2. SIMULATION GAMES > Focuses on CONTENT / PROCESS learning
• TYPES -- SIMULATION GAMES:
A. CONTENT LEARNING Focuses on teaching / reinforcing factual
information (ex. Crosswords, word games, bingo gaes) B. PROCESS
LEARNING > Emphasizes problem solving & application of
information (ex. Sim City)
3. ROLE PLAYING Form of drama – spontaneous acting out of roles
(interaction) Lasts for 3 to 5 minutes (illustrates one aspect of human
relationship) Expression of non-verbal and verbal behavior, response
patterns and implementation of principles
4. CASE STUDIES > An analysis of an incident or situation on which
characteristics and relationships are described, factual or hypothetical
events transpire, and problems need to resolved or solved
• ADVANTAGES OF SIMULATION GAMES:
• ADVANTAGES OF SIMULATION GAMES Teaches facts &
application of information Stimulates learning – makes
learning fun Helps to evaluate learning Increases
interaction among learners

• DISADVANTAGES OF SIMULATION GAMES:

• DISADVANTAGES OF SIMULATION GAMES Waste of
time Unprofessional Teachers dislike competition which
games promote
PROBLEM
BASED
LEARNING
PROBLEM BASED LEARNING
Small groups – ANALYZE THE CASE
- IDENTIFY THEIR OWN NEEDSFOR
INFORMATION
-SOLVE PROBLEMS
OUTPUT- students will become GOOD PROBLEM
SOLVERS in their future work
-students become LIFE LONG LEARNERS
PBL CASE STUDIES

Conducted in small groups Used by individuals/groups

Students have little Students have the most of

backgrounds knowledge for the background learning
subject matter their to apply to the case

Cases are usually brief and Cases are often long and
presenting problems are ill- detailed and their problems
structures are well-defined
• Identified issues by the group:
1 NURSING SHORTAGES
How often do they occur?
How severe do they get?
What causes them?
What past solutions have been tried and do they work?

II. NURSING CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

What is this one called?
Is it being used anywhere?
How would it work?
What might cross-training involve?
Are there published job descriptions for assistive personnel?
 SELF-
LEARNING
MODULES
• DEFINITION OF SELF-LEARNING
MODULES
• A self-contained unit or package of
study materials for use by an individual
• Audience where this WORKS BEST:
Adult learners
• Principles in handling adult learners:
• Adults are self-motivated to learn
(relevant)
• Adult’s prior experience is a resource for
further learning.
• Adults are problem focused and readily
learn material they can use to solve
problems.
• COMPONENTS OF SELF-
LEARNING MODULES:
Introduction and instructions
Behavioral objectives
Pretest
Learning activity
Self-evaluation
Pretest
• ADVANTAGES OF SELF-LEARNING MODULES
• Very flexible – do it at your own pacing, done independently
• Individualized approach – helps students
• Sparks interest in teaching – creativity
• Standardized Reduces travel time Reduces costs
• DISADVANTAGES OF SELF-LEARNING MODULES:
• DISADVANTAGES OF SELF-LEARNING MODULES
• Miss interactions with people
• May lead to further procrastination – lack of structures and
deadlines
• Promotes dishonesty
• Takes many hours to design and test