UNIT I CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS – 10 PERIODS

•PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS

•PRECAST CONCRETE

•PREFABRICATION SYSTEM – MODULAR COORDINATION

UNIT II CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE - 10

Modern Construction Materials

Manufacture, storage, transportation and erection of pre-cast component forms.

Moulds and scaffoldings in construction.

Safety in erection and dismantling of constructions.

 •PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS
Prestressed concrete is a method for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension.

Prestressing tendons (generally of high tensile steel cable or rods) are used which produces a
compressive stress that offsets the tensile stress that the concrete compression member would
otherwise experience due to self–weight and gravity loads.
Materials for pre-stress concrete member
1. Cement -
Ordinary portland cement - 33 grade means that the compressive strength of the cement
after 28 days is 33N/mm2general construction work under normal environmental condition.
43 grade of cement is used for plain concrete work and plastering works,53 grade mostly used
for the structural purposes as in reinforced cement concrete.
Portland slag cement Portland slag cement (PSC) can be used for all construction jobs in
place of ordinary portland cement, but its special properties render its adoption highly desirable
for marine structures, for structures involving large masses of concrete such as dams, and for
structures exposed to sulphate-bearing soils such as foundations.
Rapid hardening portland cement similar to Ordinary Portland cement but with higher tri-
calcium silicate (C3S) content and finer grindingThe one-day strength of this cement is equal to
the three-day strength of OPC with the same water-cement ratio. It is used in industries which
manufacture concrete products like slabs, because moulds can be released quickly. It is used for
cold weather concreting because rapid evolution of heat during hydration protects the concrete
against freezing.
2. Concrete - Pre-stress concrete requires high strength concrete, which has high compressive
strength comparatively higher tensile strength than ordinary concrete. The concrete is a material
should be compose of gravels or crushed stones, sand, cement. In pre-stress concrete minimum
grade of concrete M40.
3. Steel - High tensile steel, tendons, strands. In pre-stress concrete high tensile steel with
tensile strength around 2000MPa.

•In this designation the letter M refers to the mix and the number to the specified 28 day cube
strength of mix in N/mm2.The mixes of grades M10, M15, M20 and M25 correspond
 wire

strands

tendons bars
 •PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS
Prestressing can be accomplished in two ways:
Pre-tensioned concrete
and
Bonded or unbounded post-tensioned concrete
Pre-tensioned Concrete
Concrete is cast around already tensioned
tendons. This method produces a good bond
between the tendon and concrete, which both
protects the tendon from corrosion and allows
for direct transfer of tension. The cured
concrete adheres and bonds to the bars and
when the tension is released it is transferred to
the concrete as compression by static friction.

However, it requires stout anchoring points

between which the tendon is to be stretched
and the tendons are usually in a straight line.
Thus, most pretensioned concrete elements are
prefabricated in a factory and must be transported to the construction site, which limits their
size. Pre-tensioned elements may be balcony elements, lintels, floor slabs, beams or foundation
piles.
 •PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS

Bonded post-tensioned concrete

is the descriptive term for a method of applying compression after pouring concrete and the
curing process (in situ). The concrete is cast around a plastic, steel or aluminium curved duct, to
follow the area where otherwise tension would occur in the concrete element.
A set of tendons are fished through the duct and the concrete is poured. Once the concrete has
hardened, the tendons are tensioned by hydraulic jacks that react against the concrete member
itself. When the tendons have stretched sufficiently, according to the design specifications (see
Hooke's law), they are wedged in position and maintain tension after the jacks are removed,
transferring pressure to the concrete. The duct is then grouted to protect the tendons from
corrosion. This method is commonly used to create monolithic slabs for house construction in
locations where expansive soils (such as adobe clay) create problems for the typical perimeter
foundation.

Post-stressing is also used in the construction of various bridges, both after concrete is cured
after support by falsework and by the assembly of prefabricated sections, as in the segmental
bridge.
 •PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS
Unbonded Post-Tensioned Concrete

differs from bonded post-tensioning by providing each

individual cable permanent freedom of movement relative to
the concrete. To achieve this, each individual tendon is
coated with a grease (generally lithium based) and covered
by a plastic sheathing formed in an extrusion process. The
transfer of tension to the concrete is achieved by the steel
cable acting against steel anchors embedded in the
perimeter of the slab.
 •PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS

The advantages of unbonded system over

bonded post-tensioning are:
1.The ability to individually adjust cables based
The main disadvantage over bonded post-
on poor field conditions, e.g., shifting a group
tensioning is the fact that a cable can destress
of 4 cables around an opening by placing 2 to
itself and burst out of the slab if damaged
either side).
(such as during repair on the slab).
2.The procedure of post-stress grouting is
eliminated.
3.The ability to de-stress the tendons before
attempting repair work.
•PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS
•PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS
•PRECASTCONCRETE

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-tension-services-india-pvt-ltd
 •PREFABRICTION SYSTEM
There are two main types of prefabrication, namely

1. volumetric (often referred to as 'modular') and

2. panellised

Both of these types of construction can be achieved in timber, steel and concrete, and can also
be mixed within the same scheme.
 •MODULAR COORDINATION
• Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space in
which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in terms of
basic unit or module.
• A module: a basic dimension
which could for example
Improves Productivity
form the basis of a planning
grid in terms of multiples
Through Standardization and submultiples of standard
module.
• Provide guide to building
Promote Industrialization (component manufactured in factory) component sizing: this can
reduce as much as possible
the needs to further trim
Less wet work site. and shape the materials to fit
together in construction;
Non dependence on unskilled labor Less modification on site
thus, reducing wastage of
labor and material.
 •MODULAR COORDINATION
BASICS OF MODULE
• The basic module is known as 1M which is equivalent to 100mm.
1M = 100mm
There are three type of MODULE :-
(I) Basic Module (II) Multi Module (III) Sub Module

Basic Module
• It is the fundamental unit of size in modular coordination and for general application to
building & components .The size of basic Module is taken as 100mm denoted by “M”
It is considered to be large enough to effect some variety reduction in range of
component size and is small enough to provide a flexible unit of measurement for the
purpose of design.

Multi Module
• Certain whole multiples of basic module usually expressed in as “M” with numeric
prefix as 2M , 3M, 4M etc are referred to as multi module.

Sub Module
Certain submultiples of basic module which are whole simple fractions shall be chosen
when absolutely necessary for an increment smaller than the basic module. For practical
considerations, this sub modular increment shall be expressed as “M” with fractional
prefix as 1/5M, 1/4M, 1/3M,etc
UNIT II CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
 •PRECASTCONCRETE
The two factors which have the greatest impact on the operation of a precast yard are:
• Formwork: The importance of extremely well made and accurate formwork cannot be stressed
enough; and

• Concrete: A good mix design and careful placing to avoid air bubbles and good consolidation
are the keys to successful precast elements.

If the contractor deviates from these two principles he or she will not achieve the success that is
aimed for. These two principals cannot be stressed enough.
•PRECASTCONCRETE - Manufacture
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•PRECASTCONCRETE - storage
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•PRECASTCONCRETE - Transportation
•PRECASTCONCRETE - Transportation
•PRECASTCONCRETE - Transportation
•PRECASTCONCRETE - Erection
•PRECASTCONCRETE - Erection
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•PRECASTCONCRETE - Erection
•PRECASTCONCRETE - Erection
 •PRECASTCONCRETE - Scaffoldings
What Is a Scaffold?
A scaffold is defined as an elevated, temporary work platform. There are three basic types of
scaffolds:
1. Supported scaffolds, which consist of one or more platforms supported by rigid, load- bearing
members, such as poles, legs, frames, outriggers, etc.
2. Suspended scaffolds, which are one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid,
overhead support.
3. Other scaffolds, principally manlifts, personnel hoists, etc., which are sometimes thought of
as vehicles or machinery, but can be regarded as another type of supported scaffold.

Single scaffolding is generally used for brick

masonry and is also called as brick layer’s
scaffolding. Single scaffolding consists of
standards, ledgers, putlogs etc., which is
parallel to the wall at a distance of about 1.2
m. Distance between the standards is about 2
to 2.5 m. Ledgers connect the standards at
vertical interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m. Putlogs are
taken out from the hole left in the wall to one
end of the ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an
interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m
•PRECASTCONCRETE - Scaffoldings
Suspended Scaffolding

Cantilever Scaffolding

Trestle Scaffolding
•PRECASTCONCRETE - Scaffoldings

Steel Scaffolding:
Steel scaffolding is constructed by steel tubes
which are fixed together by steel couplers or
fittings. It is very easy to construct or
dismantle. It has greater strength, greater
durability and higher fire resistance. It is not
economical but will give more safety for
workers. So, it is used extensively nowadays