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History of Architecture-II (AP-313)

REGIONALISM in INDIA
&
SEARCH FOR INDIAN-NESS

LECTURE 7

[Online]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Nipesh P Indian-ness
Search for Narayanan
WHAT IS REGIONALISM?

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

BERNARD RUDOFSKY

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ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT ARCHITECTS

• 1964
– Exhibition at MoMA (NY)

– Revival/ curiosity of vernacular

– Appreciation for understanding
the vernacular

[Online]
Hyderabad, Pakistan
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 http://www.overlookpress.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/265x/5e06319eda06f020e43594a9c230972d/S/h/Sh
PAUL OLIVER SHELTER SIGN & SYMBOL

“Cultivated the theoretical grounds of Vernacular Architecture”

elterSignSymbolLrg_6.JPG [Online]
Image Source: http
1977
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
HASSAN FATHY VERNACULAR PRACTICE

“Fathy devoted more than half a century of his professional life to

bringing back to the vernacular mode building tradition endangered by
extinction due to the massive post war building activity”

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gurna_Mosque_R01.jpg [Online]

Mosque, Luxor, Egypt (1948)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
HASSAN FATHY VERNACULAR PRACTICE

Craterre International Centre On Earthen Architecture (1984)

Development Workshop (1973)

ADAUA Association pour le Développement d'une Architecture et d'un

Urbanisme Africains (1975)

Image Source: craterre.org [Online]

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM – TOURISM & CULTURE
• Modern Comfort

• Traitional Craft

Modernism/Internationalism Vs Regionalism

“The polarity between internationalism which demands a global

relevance for its existence and regionalism which seeks meaning and
content under specific local conditions”

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

HOW TO DEFINE AN ARCHITECTURE FOR INDIA?

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

 SYMBOLIC CLEANSING OF COLONIAL IDENTITY

Renaming Roads
Removal of Statues

Image Source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/cid_1157453941_SANGATH3.jpg [Online]

Napoleon V to MKG
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 SYMBOLIC CLEANSING OF COLONIAL IDENTITY

Renaming Roads
Removal of Statues

Image Source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/cid_1157453941_SANGATH3.jpg [Online]

King George V
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – HOW?

• Post-Independence India
– Nehruvian vision of a modern India

• Modernism in India
– Le Corbusier, Otto Königsberger etc.

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

REGIONALISM – IN INDIA

• Mahatma Gandhi
– Romance of the village
– “India lives in its villages”

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

REGIONALISM – IN INDIA

• Mahatma Gandhi
– Romance of the village
– “India lives in its villages”

• Revival of literature
– Sanskrit and the Vedas

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

REGIONALISM – IN INDIA

• Mahatma Gandhi
– Romance of the village
– “India lives in its villages”

• Revival of literature
– Sanskrit and the Vedas

• Nehruvian Nation building

– Glory to the past to revive the spirit

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

REGIONALISM – IN INDIA – Neo Traditionalism

• Study of Desert Cities

– Jaisalmer

• Study of Spatial Qualities of Vernacular Buildings

– Fatehpur Sikri

• Revival of Shilpaic Tradition

– Craftsman’s active participation with architect

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

REGIONALISM IN INDIA – LAURIE BAKER

• Understanding the local building techniques and reinventing

them

Image Source: AUTHOR

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – LAURIE BAKER

• Use of refined brick masonry

• On-site Laying of buildings
• Extensive mason interaction
• Low Cost
• Innovation
– Filler Slab
– Rat Trap Bond

Image Source: AUTHOR

“ Proposition of a Gandhian life-style”

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

 REGIONALISM – IN INDIA
Image Source: http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/03/b1/0d/29/ashok-hotel.jpg [Online]

Concrete & Abstract*

Image Source: AUTHOR

*REF: Suha Ózkan. Introduction: Regionalism within Modernism.
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 Image Source: http://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/37/jaisalmer-city_8991.jpg [Online]

Jaisalmer
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – RAJ REWAL

Morphology
CONCRETE

1982 Asian Games Village

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

Image Source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/PCD.2286.1012.0904.025.jpg[Online]

 Image Source: http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/10/71/40/our-breakfast-terrace.jpg [Online]

Jaisalmer
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – RAJ REWAL

Terraces
CONCRETE

1982 Asian Games Village

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

Image Source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/PCD.2286.1012.0904.029.jpg[Online]

 Image Source: http://fr.petrophoto.net/photo/normal/2096-jaisalmer-street.jpg [Online]

Jaisalmer
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – RAJ REWAL
CONCRETE

Street

1982 Asian Games Village

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

Image Source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/PCD.2286.1012.0904.027.jpg[Online]

 REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA

http://www.architecture.com/Images/RIBATrust/RIBALibrary/Collections/RecentAcquisitions/CharlesCorreaArchive/07-
CONCRETE

Cluster

Belapur-P-5-530x400pxV2.jpg [Online]
Image Source:
Artist Village, Belapur, Navi Mumbai (1983)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
CONCRETE

Image Source: http://im.ft-static.com/content/images/421aed22-be91-11e2-bb35-00144feab7de.img [Online]

Cluster

Artist Village, Belapur, Navi Mumbai (1983)

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
CONCRETE

Cluster

Image Source: AUTHOR

Artist Village, Belapur, Navi Mumbai (1983)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
ABSTRACT

Image Source: http://www.howard-hodgkin.com/photos/1992%20British%20Council_Delhi.jpg [Online]

Space

British Council, New Delhi (1987)

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
ABSTRACT

Space

Image Source: http://www.charlescorrea.net/ [Online]

British Council, New Delhi (1987)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA

Image Source: http://www.uncubemagazine.com/uncube/magazine/art-1370943787794-32113010-8593-48f8-a04f-

ABSTRACT

Space

0d4dbd8c0c13/DATA/IMAGES/dwg_Page_03.jpg [Online]
British Council, New Delhi (1987)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
ABSTRACT

Image Source: http://im.ft-static.com/content/images/3ede2e80-be91-11e2-bb35-00144feab7de.img [Online]

Space

British Council, New Delhi (1987)

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
WHAT IS INDIAN ARCHITECTURE?

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

BUILDING A NEW INDIA

• 5 Year plans (Soviet Union’s centralized planning system)

– 1st – Agricultural Infrastructure
– 2nd – Industrial Development

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

BUILDING A NEW INDIA

• 5 Year plans (Soviet Union’s centralized planning system)

– 1st – Agricultural Infrastructure
– 2nd – Industrial Development

• Modernizing India
– Technical & Higher Education

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

BUILDING A NEW INDIA

• 5 Year plans (Soviet Union’s centralized planning system)

– 1st – Agricultural Infrastructure
– 2nd – Industrial Development

• Modernizing India
– Technical & Higher Education

“We were all impregnated with opportunities that lay ahead,

and with the idea that not only could you shape that form of
the physical environment, but also influence social life”
~ Joseph Stein

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

BUILDING A NEW INDIA

• Post-Partition Migration
– Housing and Infrastructural needs

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

BUILDING A NEW INDIA

• Post-Partition Migration
– Housing and Infrastructural needs

• Decentralized Industries
– Industrial Towns

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

BUILDING A NEW INDIA

• Post-Partition Migration
– Housing and Infrastructural needs

• Decentralized Industries
– Industrial Towns

• Higher Education Policies

– New Campuses

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

BUILDING A NEW INDIA

• Post-Partition Migration
– Housing and Infrastructural needs

• Decentralized Industries
– Industrial Towns

• Higher Education Policies

– New Campuses

• Extended Bureaucracy
– New Government offices
– Institutional Interventions

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

THE GANDHI NEHRU DEBATE

Urban Vs Rural

The village as City as the epitome of

SELF-GOVERNING modernizing India
NON-VIOLENT
CASTE-LESS

Essentially a self sustaining

entity

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

 Vidhana Soudha, Karnataka (1956)
SOCIALIST INDIA & PROVINCIAL ARCHITECTURE

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

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panoramic-view-of-the-famous-vidhana-soudha--the-legislature-and-secretariat-building--architectur.jpg [Online]
 SOCIALIST INDIA & PROVINCIAL ARCHITECTURE

Y/TTMMmAxbWMI/AAAAAAAABdM/MANN5PY2Lr8/s1600/Rabindra%2BBhavan%2B1961%2Bview%2Bsmall.jpg [Online]
Image Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OXlGl_8Fl-
Rabindra Bhawan, Habib Rehman (1961)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
BILATERAL TIES WHICH GOT IN ARCHITECTS

American point four agricultural program got Albert Mayer,

who helped do the first masterplan of Delhi.

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

 BILATERAL TIES WHICH GOT IN ARCHITECTS

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RBI Calcutta, John A Ritchie (Australia)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 BILATERAL TIES WHICH GOT IN ARCHITECTS

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[Online]
TATA Centre, Calcutta, Holabird & Root (USA)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION

• 1913 – JJ School of Architecture

– Established in 1913, it was Asia's first architecture school

• 1941 - Department of Architecture of Delhi Polytechnic

– School of Planning and Architecture Delhi

• 1945 - AICTE
– All India Council for Technical Education, formed on RIBA
framework

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION

• 1949 – Bengal School

– 1952 Joseph Allen Stein (HOD)

• 1962 - CEPT
– Center for Environmental Planning and Technology – B V Doshi
& Bernard Kohn
– Christopher Alexander was a visiting faculty and work on
‘Pattern Language’ started by studying villages of India.

• 1972 – Piloo Mody & The Architects Act

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

WHAT IS THE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA?

• Modernists’ Search for an Appropriate Architecture

– Chandigarh and Le Corbusier
– First generation post-Independence Indian Modernists

• Joseph Allen Stein and Delhi Experiments

– International yet Indian

• Architecture of the established firms/architects

• The Indian Mainstream

• Architecture of the informal

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

 MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE

Image Source: AUTHOR

Le Corbusier and the Chandigarh Experiment
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE

Image Source: AUTHOR

Le Corbusier and the Ahmadabad Association
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE

Image Source: AUTHOR

First generation post-independence modernists - Doshi
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE

Image Source: AUTHOR

First generation post-independence modernists - Doshi
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN AND DELHI EXPERIMENTS

Image Source: http://www.etablecdn.com/photo_uploads/user/snarula@i-a.in/center.jpg [Online]

Moved away from the Corbusian hangover, IIC (1962)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN AND DELHI EXPERIMENTS

Image Source: AUTHOR

Moved away from the Corbusian hangover, Ford Foundation Office (1968)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
 JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN AND DELHI EXPERIMENTS

Image Source: AUTHOR

Moved away from the Corbusian hangover, Ford Foundation Office (1968)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
THE IGNCA INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION

• Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts

– 1986

• Symbol of Modern India

– Ambitions similar to that of Chandigarh
– 200 entries from 46 different countries

• Ralph Lerner won the competition

– Gautam Bhatia was placed 2nd

”From defining a new nation in 50s

to
finding the spirit of India in 80s”
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
THE IGNCA INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION

Image Source: http://ignca.nic.in/images/ignca_new_building2.jpg [Online]

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
THE IGNCA INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION

Image Source: http://www.jasbirsawhney.com/images/ignca-pic7.jpg [Online]

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REFERENCE

Suha Ózkan. Introduction: Regionalism within Modernism.

Jon Lang, Madhavi Desai, Miki Desai. 1997. Architecture and Independence.
s.l. : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195639006.

Jon Lang. 2002. A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India. s.l. :

Permanent Black Publishers. ISBN 8178240173.

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness