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INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSEM

CHAPER TWO

STRCUER OF POWER SYSTEM AND REPRESENATION OF

POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTES

By: Natnael Muluneh

2019
 Outlines
• Introduction
• Typical AC power supply scheme
• Transmission of electrical energy(AC
to DC)
• Various systems of power transmission
• Single phase representation of a
balanced three phase system
• The per unit (P.U) system
• The PU representation of transformer

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 Introduction
An electrical power system divided in to
three main components;
 The generating system
 The transmission system
 The distribution system
Electrical energy generated at generating
station is transported to remote load center.
Between a generating station and a customer
we have: Transmission, Sub transmission and
Distribution levels of voltages.
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 ELECTRIC POWER GENERAION
1. THE SUN: is the primary source of energy

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 Cont.

has limited application because :

 it requires a large area for the generation of

even a small amount of electric power

 it cannot be used in cloudy days or at night

 it requires additional battery for storage.

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 2. THE WIND
• This method can be used where wind flows for
a considerable length of time.
OPERATION
the drawbacks of this method are:
 variable output,
 unreliable because of uncertainty about wind
pressure and
 power generated is quite small.
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 3. HYDRO POWER
When water is stored at a suitable place, it
possesses PE because of the head created.
This water energy can be converted into ME
with the help of water turbines.
The water turbine drives the alternator which
converts ME into EE.
OPERATION
• Is very popular because it has low production
and maintenance costs.
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 4. Nuclear energy
large amount of heat energy is liberated by the
fission of uranium and other fissionable
materials.
The heat produced due to nuclear fission can
be utilized to raise steam with suitable
arrangements.
The steam can run the steam turbine which in
turn can drive the alternator to produce
electrical energy.
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 CONT.
OPERATION
Other related electrical power generations
THERMAL

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 Cont.
• Primary transmission. The electric power at
132 kV is transmitted by 3-phase, 3-wire
overhead system to the limits of the city.
• Secondary transmission. At the receiving
station, the voltage is reduced to 33kV by step-
down transformers.
• From this station, electric power is transmitted
at 33kV by 3-phase, 3-wire overhead system to
various sub-stations (SS) located at the
strategic points in the city. This forms the
secondary transmission.

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 Cont.
• Primary distribution. The secondary
transmission line terminates at the sub-
station (SS) where voltage is reduced from
33 kV to 11kV, 3-phase, 3-wire.
• The 11 kV lines run along the important road
sides of the city.
• This forms the primary distribution. It may be
noted that big consumers are generally supplied
power at 11 kV for further handling with their
own sub-stations.
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 Cont.
Secondary distribution. The electric power from PD line
(11 kV) is delivered to DS.
• These sub-stations are located near the consumers’
localities and step down the voltage to 400 V, 3-phase,
4-wire for SD.
• The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and
between any phase and neutral is 230 V.
• The single-phase residential lighting load is connected
between any one phase and neutral.
• 3-phase, 400 V motor load is connected across 3-phase
lines directly.
Figure

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 Transmission of electrical
energy(AC to DC)

• The electric power can be transmitted

either by means of D.C. or A.C.
• Each system has its own merits and
demerits.

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 High voltage D.C. transmission

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 Advantages of D.C. transmission
• It requires minimum numbers of conductor as
compared to A.C. transmission.
• There is no phase displacement and surge
problems in D.C. transmission.
• The voltage drop in a D.C. transmission line is
less than the A.C. line for the same load and
sending end voltage.
• For this reason, a D.C. transmission line has
better voltage regulation
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 Cont.
• There is no skin effect in a D.C system.
• For the same working voltage, the potential stress
on the insulation is less in case of D.C .system.
• D.C. line requires less insulation.
• D.C. line has less corona loss and reduced
interference with communication circuits.
• The high voltage D.C. transmission is free from
the dielectric losses.
• There are no stability problems and synchronizing
difficulties.

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Disadvantages of D.C Transmission
• Electric power cannot be generated at
high D.C. voltage.
• The D.C. voltage cannot be stepped up
for transmission of power at high
voltages.
• The D.C. switches and circuit breakers
have their own limitations.

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 A.C. transmission.
Now-a-days, electrical energy is almost exclusively
generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of
A.C.
Advantages
• The power can be generated at high voltages.
• The maintenance of A.C. sub-stations is easy and
cheaper.
• The A.C. voltage can be stepped up or stepped
down by transformers with ease and efficiency.
• This possible to transmit power at high voltages and
distribute it at safe potentials.

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 Disadvantages of A.C transmission
• An A.C. line requires more copper than a D.C.
line.
• The construction of A.C. transmission line is more
complicated than a D.C. transmission line.
• Due to skin effect in the A.C. system, the effective
resistance of the line is increased.
• An A.C. line has capacitance. Therefore, there is
a continuous loss of power due to charging
current even when the line is open.

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 Various systems of power
transmission
1. D.C. system
(i) D.C. two-wire.
(ii) D.C. two-wire with mid-point earthed.
(iii) D.C. three-wire.
2. Single-phase A.C. system
(i) Single-phase two-wire.
(ii) Single-phase two-wire with mid-point
earthed.
(iii) Single-phase three-wire.
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 Cont.
3. Two-phase A.C. system
(i) Two-phase four-wire.
(ii) Two-phase three wire.
4. Three-phase A.C. system
(i) Three-phase three-wire.
(ii) Three-phase four-wire.

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 Individual Assignment
1. List all electrical power plants in Ethiopia and
there capacity?
2. Determine the voltage level from generation
to the end user?
3. Identify Ethiopian high voltage transmission
system (A.C. or D.C.) and explain D.C.
voltage transmission (voltage level and
numbers of conductors)

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 Thank You !

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