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Optimization
RF Planning RF Optimization
Responsibilities Responsibilities
They have to provide the coverage either They have to maintain the performance of
outdoor or indoor. the Network as good as possible.
MS in Idle Mode
Doesn’t have a dedicated channel, but able to access the Network and able to
be reached by the Network.
MS will always try to camp on the best cell based on the signal strength
criterion.
The purpose behind studying the Idle Mode Behavior is to always ensure that
the MS is camped on the cell where it has the highest probability of successful
communication.
I. PLMN Selection.
II. Cell Selection.
III. Cell Reselection.
IV. Location Updating.
V. Monitor the Incoming Paging.
When the MS is powered ON, it will perform a Location Update and compare
the new LAI with the old stored one.
MS should periodically try to access back his home PLMN, but this periodic
attempts will occur only on Automatic selection mode.
During Idle Mode the Network doesn’t know the cell which the MS is camping
on, it only knows the Location Area where the mobile registered himself in.
Tune to the RF Frequency with the Tune to the next higher frequency that
highest average received signal wasn’t tried before
strength
2. Stored List Scanning: Scan the Frequencies in the Idle BA list (BCCH
Allocation) stored on the MS SIM before being switched off.
(BA list can have maximum 32 frequencies)
If MS found cell belongs to the desired PLMN but not suitable, the MS will
start to scan the Idle BA list of this cell.
3. C1 > 0
N.B:
1. ACCMIN and CCHPWR are cell parameters sent to the MS at the BCCH
channel.
2. If CCHPWR > P then C1 will decrease and so the Received SS should be
large enough to keep C1 > 0 (May be this cell is not designed of this MS class)
3. ACCMIN, CCHPWR, P are all measured in dBm, where C1&C2 are
measured in dBs
3. MS tried to access the network through this cell unsuccessfully for the allowed
no. of times defined by the parameter MAXRET
4. C2 neighbor cell ( one of the six strongest neighbors) became greater than C2 serving
cell for more than 5 seconds.
PT: If PT is set to 31, this means that a (–ve) SS offset “CRO” will be applied
to this cell and it appears less favorite for cell reselection.
When the MS is up to listen to its paging group, if the message is not decoded
successfully then D is decremented by 4 and if the message is decoded
correctly then D is incremented by 1.
If D reaches zero, then a Down Link Signaling Failure is detected and cell
reselection took place.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR
N.B:
D can’t exceed the bucket size given by round(90/MFRMS)
At the border between cells the Signal level may be comparable, cell
reselection may occur many times accompanied by many location updating
leading to huge signaling load.
In the Idle Mode, the Network knows the location of the MS on a Location
area resolution not on a cell resolution.
The MS will compare the LAIold stored on the SIM with the LAInew
broadcasted from the new cell and it will found them different so it’ll perform
Location Update type normal.
The Network will inform the MS how often it should report the location Area
he is registering himself in.
Based on the value of the Parameter T3212 the MS will know how frequent
it should make periodic registration.
T3212 take values from 1 (6min) to 255 (25.5 Hours), default = 40 (4 Hours)
ATT is a cell parameter that will inform the MS whether IMSI attach/detach is
operational or not.
If ATT=Yes, then before the MS will be switched off, it will send an IMSI
detach request to the Network, so no paging messages will be sent to this
MS while it is in this state.
When the MS is switched on again it will send an IMSI attach request to the
Network so now paging messages can be sent normally to this MS.
F S B B B B C
F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
D0 D0 D0 D0 D1 D1 D1
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3 I I I
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
BCCHTYPE
═ NCOMB (Non Combined, BCH&CCCH) TS1/C0 will carry SDCCH+SACCH
SDCCH
═ (i) SDCCH/8 (8 SDCCH Sub-channels i.e. make call setup for 8 users)
═ (ii) SDCCH/8 including CBCH (7 SDCCH Sub-channels + 1 CBCH)
For these two cases, the BCCHTYPE=NCOMB and the mapping of the SDCCH
channel is done on TS1/C0
1 block for BCCH 1 block for BCCH 1 block for BCCH 1 block for BCCH
9 blocks for CCCH 9 blocks for CCCH 3 blocks for CCCH 3 blocks for CCCH
8 blocks for SDDCH 7 blocks for SDDCH 4 blocks for SDDCH 3 blocks for SDDCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F S B B B B C
F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
Setting of parameters will decide whether the paging will be local paging
(within the LA) or global paging (within the MSC service area).
Setting of parameters will decide also whether paging will be done via IMSI
or TMSI.
Using the parameters we can decide also how the second paging will be
incase the first paging failed, ex: If 1st paging was local with TMSI then we
can set the 2nd paging to be global with IMSI.
As a rule of thumb GOS for TCH=2% i.e. within 100 calls if 2 of them are
blocked then this will be acceptable, for the SDCCH/8 the GOS=0.5% and for
the SDCCH/4 the GOS=1%
As we know in the default settings for frequency C0, TS0 is used to carry
BCH+CCCH and TS1 used to carry SDCCH+SACCH, and TS2TS7 used to
carry speech/data
The conditions that should be fulfilled for the ACLC feature to work:
1. ACSTATE=ON
2. No. of Idle SDCCH sub-channels < SLEVEL (This is an indication for
congestion)
3. No. of Idle TCHs > 4 or no. of Idle TCHs > Total no. of TRXs (Frequencies)
4. No. of already defined SDCCH channels/8 < Max. allowed configuration of
SDCCHs in the cell.
Parameters Summary
SCH Parameters
Parameter Recommended
Value Range Unit
Name Value
BSIC NCC: 0 to 7 BCC: 0 to 7 ─ ─
RACH Control Parameters
Parameter Recommended
Value Range Unit
Name Value
MAXRET 1,2,4,7 4 ─
Control Channel Parameters
Parameter Recommended
Value Range Unit
Name Value
BCCHTYPE COMB COMBC NCOMB NCOMB ─
0 to 16 (0: No SDCCH/8
SDCCH configured-combined mode)
1 ─
Parameters Summary
Paging Parameters and Periodic Update
Parameter
Value Range Recommended Value Unit
Name
MFRMS 2 to 9 6 Control Channel Multi frame
AGBLK 0 or 1 0 ─
0 to 255 (0: infinite-No periodic
T3212 registeration)
40 6 minutes
Aims At?
i. Keep the continuity of a current call with acceptable quality.
ii. Cell size control in-order to decrease total interference in the system.
Implemented where?
In the BSC.
I. Initiation.
II. Filtering.
III. Basic Ranking.
IV. Urgency Conditions Handling.
V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation.
VI. Organizing the List.
VII. Sending the List & Allocation Reply.
The reason is to leave the connection on the current channel for some time
until the locating algorithm produces reliable results we can rely on.
TINIT will disable HO only, but Assignment on own or other cell will occur
normally and will not wait TINIT till expired.
II. Filtering
Simply it is the process of collecting the required data on Signal Strength
(SS), Quality and Time Advance (TA) for serving and neighbor cells and
average these consecutive measurements over a specified period to rank
these cells.
II. Filtering
1. Measurements Preparation
Data that is measured:
II. Filtering
1. Measurements Preparation
SS measurements are delivered as integer values 0 63 corresponds to
real SS from -110 dBm - 47 dBm
Quality is measured based on the BER and it may be represented in two
forms:
i. Integers 0 (Best) 7 (Worst)
ii. Deci Transformed Quality Units (dtqu) from 0 (Best) 70 (Worst)
II. Filtering
2. SS, Quality and TA Filtering:
The consecutive measurements for SS, Quality and TA are averaged in
some way based on the equation of the filter used.
We’ve 5 Types of Filters that may be used, each one has its own equation or
its way to produce output results from the collected consecutive
measurements:
A. General FIR Filters
B. Recursive Straight Average Filter
C. Recursive Exponential Filter
D. Recursive 1st Order Butterworth Filter
E. Median Filter
II. Filtering
2. SS, Quality and TA Filtering:
In addition to the way each filter use to produce output results from the
consecutive measurements, each filter has what we call filter length which is
the period over which measurements are considered.
We have controlling parameters on cell basis to select the type of filter used
and the length of the filter.
Also the type of the filter used in signaling (call setup) and dedicated phases
may be configured separately as we’ll see.
II. Filtering
2. SS, Quality and TA Filtering:
2-i) Signal Strength Filters controlling parameters
SSEVALSI Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Signaling
phase.
SSEVALSD Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during
Connection phase.
SSLENSI Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Signaling
phase.
SSLENSD Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during
Connection phase.
N.B:
SSLENSI & SSLENSD are measured in the form of SACCH periods,
i.e. if SSLENSD=10, then the length of the filter during the connection
phase = 10*0.48 sec = 4.8 seconds
II. Filtering
2. SS, Quality and TA Filtering:
2-ii) Quality Filters controlling parameters
QEVALSI Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Signaling
phase.
QEVALSD Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during
Connection phase.
QLENSI Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Signaling
phase.
QLENSD Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during
Connection phase.
N.B:
QLENSI & QLENSD are measured in the form of SACCH periods,
i.e. if QLENSD=10, then the length of the filter during the connection
phase = 10*0.48 sec = 4.8 seconds
II. Filtering
2. SS, Quality and TA Filtering:
2-iii) Time Advance (TA) controlling parameters
One single type of filters is used which is the Recursive Straight Average
Filter and the length of the filter is specified by parameter TAAVELEN which
is also measured in SACCH periods.
EVALTYPE=1, SS & Path loss based Algorithm is used for basic ranking
taking into consideration both Signal Strength measurements and the path
loss.
A Penalty value will decrease the rank of some cells for certain penalty time.
In the coming slides we’ll talk about the two types of penalties:
(C-i) Locating Penalties
(C-ii) HCS Penalties
No
SS_corrected_DLservingcell > HYSTSEP HYST=LOHYST
Yes
HYST=HIHYST
Output from Basic
Ranking
Now,
If Urgency conditions are detected then the serving cell should be abandon
as fast as possible, but some of the neighbors will be removed from the
candidate list and the MS will not be able to HO to them as we will see later.
When Urgency Condition is detected the MS has to leave the cell and make
HO to other cell, but in this case the serving cell is the one that has the
highest SS so the MS has to HO to a cell of worse SS, but is the MS allowed
to HO to any worse cell?
Rankservingcell – RankB = 4dB < BQOFFSET= 5dB “Cell B is kept in the candidate list”
Rankservingcell – RankC = 15dB > BQOFFSET= 5dB “Cell C is removed from the
candidate list”
Rankservingcell – RankD = 8dB > BQOFFSET=5dB “Cell D is removed from the
candidate list”
After Basic Ranking and Evaluation of the Urgency Conditions, the Serving
Cell and Neighbor Cells will be divided into 3 Groups:
Better Cell
Categorization #1 Serving Cell
Worse Cell
If during the signaling phase a Better Cell was found after ranking then
“Assignment to Better Cell” will be initiated.
If during the signaling phase no better cell was found, then the MS will
normally be assigned a TCH time slot on the current cell.
If Rankservingcell – Rankneighbor > AWOFFSET, then this neighbor is far from the
serving cell and it will be removed from the candidate list.
Micro cells are prioritized than Macro cells for capacity purposes.
Cells of lower layers will be ranked higher than cells of higher layers in the
HO candidate list.
After the Auxiliary Radio Network features evaluation some candidates may be
prioritized and the order of the candidate list will be modified.
The Serving Cell and Neighbor Cells will be divided into 3 Groups:
Above S
Categorization #2 Serving Cell (SC)
Below S
To reach the final form before sending the list the following steps will be
done:
A. Removal of Candidates
B. Ordering the Candidate List based on the Current Conditions.
TURGEN: This timer prevents HO on a target cell for some time after
urgency HO failure due to congestion on target cell.
N.B:
TALLOC and TURGEN are BSC parameters
Condition Flags:
1. Assignment Request Arrived
2. Assignment to Worst Cell is in Use
3. Excessive TA Detected
4. BQ Urgency HO
5. OL/UL Sub-Cell Load Change or IHO
Empty list means that no options are better than remaining on the current
cell and no HO will occur.
Example:
Assume that the o/p from the Filtering stage for the SS measurements is as
below and we want to prepare the Basic Ranking Candidate list for HO:
Cell SS(dBm)
A -70
B (Serving Cell) -74
C -78
D -68
E -80
F -92
G -95
Where,
BSPWR = BSTXPWR, MSRXMIN = -90 dBm,
Cell A was abandon due to BQ urgency HO (PSSBQ=7dB)
SS based Algorithm is in use where OFFSET=0, HYSTSEP= -90 dBm,
HIHYST= 5 dB, LOHYST= 3 dB
Solution:
A) Correction of Base Station output power:
Since BSPWR = BSTXPWR then the current measurements will be kept as it is.
SS_corrected_DLneighbor = SS_measured_DLneighbor
SS_corrected_DLserving = SS_measured_DLserving
Solution:
C) Subtraction of signal strength penalties:
Since Cell A was abandon due to BQ urgency HO (PSSBQ=7dB) then it will be
punished,
SS_punished_DL Cell A = SS_corrected_DL – PSSBQ = -70 – 7 = -77 dBm
Solution:
D) Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis
Since SSServing cell B = -74 dBm > HYSTSEP= -90 dBm, then it is better to stay on the
current cell and high Hysteresis will be applied Cell SS(dBm)
i.e. HYST = HIHYST = 5 dB A -77
B (Serving Cell) -74
C -78
D -68
E -80
Rankservingcell B = -74 dBm “Serving Cell”
RankA= -77 dBm – OFFSET – HYST = -77 – 0 – 5 = -82 dBm “Worse Cell”
RankC= -78 dBm – OFFSET – HYST = -78 – 0 – 5 = -83 dBm “Worse Cell”
RankD= -68 dBm – OFFSET – HYST = -68 – 0 – 5 = -73 dBm “Better Cell”
RankE= -80 dBm – OFFSET – HYST = -80 – 0 – 5 = -85 dBm “Worse Cell”
Solution:
Now the final list according to Categorization#1 will be arranged as follows:
Categorization#1
Cell SS(dBm) Category
D -73 Better Cell
Disconnection Criteria
The Disconnection algorithm is not part of the locating algorithm but for
completeness, the topic is treated here.
The Disconnection criterion can be made in both the DL and the UL such that:
In the DL: managed by the MS
and
In the UL: managed by the BSC
Disconnection Criteria
In DL:
Controlled by a parameter RLINKT (max. bucket size) , when the MS couldn’t
decode a SACCH message (0.48 sec), the bucket will be decreased by 1 unit,
when the MS successfully decodes a SACCH message, the bucket will be
increased by 2 units, if the bucket reached value = Zero then disconnection will
occur, recommended value RLINKT=16
In UL:
The disconnection algorithm will run in the same way, the BSC will make the
evaluation, and the controlling parameter is called RLINKUP, , recommended
value RLINKUP=16
N.B: The bucket can’t have values larger than the max. value given by
RLINKT/RLINKUP
Parameters Summary
Algorithm Selection
Parameter Name Value Range Recommended Value Unit
EVALTYPE 1 or 3 3 ─
Parameters Summary
Parameters Summary
Parameters Summary
HCS feature provides the ability and flexibility to give priority to cells that are
not strongest but provide sufficient Signal Strength.
The priority of a cell is given by associating an HCS layer to the cell where
each cell will be belonging to an HCS band.
The lower the layer ( and the HCS band), the priority is higher,
i.e. layer 1 has higher priority than layer 2, layer 3, layer 4, …..
layer 2 has higher priority than layer 3, layer 4, layer 5, …..
The lower HCS bands will only include lower layers compared to a higher
HCS bands.
A mixture of small micro cells (lower layers) and large macro (higher layers)
cells will achieve both high capacity and good coverage.
Micro cells will be used for capacity issues while macro cells will be used to
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provide coverage, fill coverage holes and handle the fast moving mobiles.
Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS)
With Basic Ranking only, micro cells will be ranked as the strongest server in
very small area, so to let micro cells serve in an area where acceptable SS is
guaranteed then HCS should be used.
The idea with a layered cell structure is to let lower layer cells serve MSs that
receive sufficient SS even if there is other cells with strongest received SS in
the area.
But how to decide if the lower layer cell has sufficient SS to be prioritized over
strongest cells?
This will be according to two thresholds LAYERTHR (Layer Threshold) and
HCSBANDTHR (HCS Band Threshold)
LAYERTHR: Decides if the cell should be prioritized over stronger cells lie in
the same HCS band or not.
The input to the HCS Evaluation Algorithm is the Basic Ranking list we
prepared from the locating process.
The output will be in the form of two lists: HCS prioritized list (on Top) then
Basic Ranking list.
HCS prioritized list: will include cells that fulfilled the HCS conditions & rules
and will be ranked according to HCS evaluation (layered ranking)
Basic Ranking list: will include cells that didn’t fulfill the HCS conditions and
will be ranked according to basic ranking rules (SS ranking)
Cells that will not fulfill the above condition will go to be sorted in the Basic
Ranking list in priority order according to SS.
Cells that will fulfill the criterion will pass to the next step in the HCS
Evaluation.
In this stage, the strongest cells in each Band from SS point of view will be
identified.
The rest of cells that are not strongest within the band will be moved to
Step(C)
Cells that will not fulfill the above condition will go to be sorted in the Basic
Ranking list in priority order according to SS.
Cells that will fulfill the criterion will pass to the next step in the HCS
Evaluation
Cells that are strongest within their own layer will be identified and they’ll pass
direct to be HCS ranked.
Cells that are not strongest within their own layer will be moved to the next
step.
All cells that failed to pass to be HCS Ranking, will go to be sorted in a Basic
Ranking List and this list will lie after the HCS Prioritized List.
MAXDBDEVINLAYER: will identify how the next strongest cell in the layer is far from the
strongest cell in the layer.
i.e. if SS_Strongest Celllayer x - SS_next strongest celllayer x< MAXDBDEVINLAYER = 3 dB,
then the next strongest cell is not weak and it will pass to be HCS ranked.
If the serving cell has a channel availability above HCSOUT it is considered to be taking
too little traffic so it is decided to not allow handovers out due to HCS from the cell.
Instead all the remaining HCS prioritized candidate cells, fulfilling the HCSIN criterion
and that are in a lower layer or in the same layer as the serving cell, will be basic ranked
among themselves and added to a “Prioritized basic ranked cells list” that will be put
above the other basic ranked cells in the final candidate list.
Micro
Cell (L2)
Macro Cell
(L4)
For Example:
1800 candidates are in Layers 1,2&3 while 900 candidates are in Layers 4&5, if
the MS is considered as fast in layer1, then candidates in layers 2&3 of higher
basic ranking than the serving cell are given priority.
Highest priority is given for the strongest cell regardless of its layer.
To prevent HO back to lower layer cells, a penalty PSSTEMP (0 to 63) is applied
for a time PTIMTEMP (0 to 600s) on all neighbor cells within the current system
type and all cells in other system types.
Parameters Summary
HCS Algorithm Control Parameters
Parameter Name Value Range Default Value Recommended Value Unit
HCSBAND 1 to 8 1 2 2 ─
HCSBANDTHR 150 to 0 95 ─ dBm (–ve)
HCSBANDHYST 0 to 63 2 2 dB
LAYER 1 to 8 2 2 ─ ─
LAYERTHR 150 to 0 75 ─ dBm (–ve)
LAYERHYST 0 to 63 2 2 dB
MAXCELLSINLAYER 1 to 31 1 1
MAXDBDEVINLAYER 0 to 63 3 3 dB
HCSTRAFDISSTATE 0,1 0 1 ─
HCSIN 0 to100 0 ─ %
HCSOUT 0 to100 100 ─ %
For reduced HCS functionality we have only 2 bands HCS Band1 and HCS Band2
(default)
For reduced HCS functionality we have only 3 layers
They are termed Overlaid (OL) Sub-cells, whereas the original cells will be called
Under laid (UL) Sub-cells.
Now by having more frequencies per cell, then Network capacity is increased.
The fundamental idea behind the OL/UL sub-cells is to let the traffic close to the
site to be moved to the OL sub-cell, while traffic close to the cell border to be
moved to the UL sub-cell.
In that way of treading the traffic, the frequencies in the OL sub-cell can have
tighter frequency reuse.
Example:
Assume that cell A has frequencies: f1&f2, cell B has frequencies: f3&f4 and now cell A
has increase in the traffic, so we’re going to assign cell A frequency f4 also.
Now high Co-channel interference will occur on f4 at the border between the two cells,
coz f4 is reused between two adjacent cells.
f4 will be used in the OL sub-cell and it will be restricted to serve in a small area only near
to the site so interference from the neighbor cell will be minimized and a good C/I can be
enjoyed.
With the ordinary OL/UL sub-cells, the MS near the cell will camp on the overlaid
sub-cell but even if the OL sub-cell got congested there is no way to push traffic
to the UL sub-cell and blocking will occur.
Using Sub-cell Load Distribution (SCLD) Concept, we can configure the cell to use
the OL as the preferred sub-cell initially and when traffic on the OL increased
beyond certain load, any extra traffic will be offloaded to the UL sub-cell.
Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub-cell Change with Sub-cell Load Distribution Deactivated
As we stated before, the service area of the OL sub-cell can be defined based
on one of three criteria: Path Loss, Time Advance and Distance to cell border.
Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub-cell Change with Sub-cell Load Distribution Deactivated
B. Time Advance Criterion:
Time Advance can be used as a measure for the distance between the BTS
and MS.
Controlling Parameters are the Time Advance Threshold TAOL and the Time
Advance Hysteresis TAOLHYST
The “ta” of the MS will be measured via BTS and checked vs. TAOL and
TAOLHYST to know whether sub-cell change is needed or not.
Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub-cell Change with Sub-cell Load Distribution Deactivated
C. Distance to Cell Border Criterion:
DTCBSC: Is a BSC parameter that enables/disables the Distance to Cell
Border Evaluation Criterion on whole cells on the BSC.
Controlling Parameters are the Distance to Cell Border Threshold DTCB and
the Distance to Cell Border Hysteresis DTCBHYST
Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub-cell Change with Sub-cell Load Distribution Deactivated
C. Distance to Cell Border Criterion:
Received_SSServingCell - Received_SSStrongest Neighbor will be checked vs. DTCB
and DTCBHYST to see whether sub-cell change is needed or not.
But for the evaluation to be triggered (initiated), the serving cell should have
number of neighbor cells > NNCELLS (if NNCELLS=2, at least 2 neighbor
cells) that are measured by the MS having enough SS such that:
Received_SSServingCell - Received_SSNeighbor < DTCB+DTCBHYST+NDIST
where,
NDIST is a threshold measured in dBs.
Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub-cell Change with Sub-cell Load Distribution Deactivated
OL UL Sub-cell change: for a sub-cell change from OL UL then one of the
following should be fulfilled.
L (Path Loss) > LOL + LOLHYST “OR”
ta (Time Advance) ≥ TAOL + TAOLHYST “OR”
SSServing - SSNeighbor < DTCB - DTCBHYST
Strongest, Non Co-sited, Same Type, Same HCS Layer
Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub-cell Change with Sub-cell Load Distribution Deactivated
UL OL Sub-cell change: for a sub-cell change from UL OL then one of the
following should be fulfilled.
L (Path Loss) ≤ LOL - LOLHYST “and”
ta (Time Advance) < TAOL - TAOLHYST “and”
SSServing - SSNeighbor ≥ DTCB + DTCBHYST
Strongest, Non Co-sited, Same Type, Same HCS Layer
Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub-cell Change with Sub-cell Load Distribution Deactivated
N.B:
If parameter TAOL is set to its maximum value = 61 bit periods and DTCB is
set to its minimum value = - 63 dB then the OL/UL sub-cell change will only
be controlled by the path loss using LOL coz:
OLUL: Time Advance & Distance to cell border conditions will never be
met and so the Path Loss only using LOL will control the evaluation.
ULOL: Time Advance & Distance to Cell Border Conditions will always be
met and so the Path Loss only LOL will control the evaluation.
Algorithm
II. OL/UL Sub-cell Change with Sub-cell Load Distribution Activated
A sub-cell load distribution is used to control the traffic between the OL/UL
sub-cells, so if the initially preferred cell got congested we will try to allocate
resources in the other sub-cell.
(Activated by setting cell parameter SCLD = ON)
SCLDSC: Is a cell parameter used to define the preferred cell in allocation
whether UL or OL i.e. the sub-cell which will carry traffic first.
But if the OL sub-cell is the preferred one, i.e. if SCLDSC=OL, then the below
conditions should be met otherwise a TCH on the UL sub-cell will be allocated.
L < LOL – LOLHYST andta < TAOL – TAOLHYST and
SSServing - SSNeighbor ≥ DTCB + DTCBHYST
Algorithm
II. OL/UL Sub-cell Change with Sub-cell Load Distribution Activated
A sub-cell change may occur due to load based on the settings of the
parameters SCLDLUL an SCLDLOL.
Example:
If serving cell is the OL sub-cell and the following occur
Percentage of idle TCHs in the OL sub-cell < SCLDLOL and
Percentage of idle TCHs in the UL sub-cell > SCLDLUL
then sub-cell change from OLUL due to SCLD will occur.
Algorithm
II. OL/UL Sub-cell Change with Sub-cell Load Distribution Activated
A sub-cell change may occur due to load based on the settings of the
parameters SCLDLUL an SCLDLOL
Algorithm
II. OL/UL Sub-cell Change with Sub-cell Load Distribution Activated
If some traffic will be moved from the OL UL sub-cell due to load
distribution, then the MSs with the high path loss will be chosen first i.e. MSs
that are near to cell border.
A part from the sub-cell change due to SCLD, as we mentioned before the
MS can also request to move from OL UL because of path loss, TA or
distance to cell border criterion and in this case the load is not checked coz
the thresholds : SCLDLUL&SCLDLOL are only controlling the load incase of
sub-cell change due to load distribution.
Parameters Summary
A multi band network consists of cells from different frequency bands for
example: 900/1800 MHz
By combining these frequencies in the same cell with 1 common BCCH, the
radio performance and traffic capacity are improved where the no. of cells
and neighbor relations are significantly reduced.
Using 1 BCCH instead of two will increase the no. of time slots that will be
used for traffic.
Using MBC concept with only 1 BCCH, this will reduce the no. of defined
neighbors to 50% leading to better accuracy for the measurement reports
coz there will be more time available for measurements for each neighbor.
The Dynamic OL/UL sub-cells (Concentric Cells) is a prerequisite feature for the
Multi Band Cells.
Mostly the frequency band with “Better Coverage” (i.e. lower frequency band) is
configured as the Under laid sub-cell while the other frequency band with “Worse
Coverage” (i.e. higher frequency band) is configured as the Overlaid Sub-cell.
Ex: 900MHz frequency band UL, while 1800MHz frequency band OL
A parameter BAND defines the band of the Channel Group, where the
channel group consists of no. of frequencies as will be seen later.
Also the traffic load can be maintained between the two sub-cells (that belong
to two different bands) using the sub-cell load distribution feature where the
SCLD parameter will define which sub-cell is
preferred first.
The propagation of the radio waves depend on the used frequency band,
i.e. the reported signal strength from one MS will differ depending on the
frequency band used.
MS
MS
2. Includes the BCCH carrier frequency in the Active BCCH Allocation (BA) list:
The Active BA list is the list which the serving cell uses to inform the MS the
neighbors which he has to monitor and make measurements on while it is in
dedicated mode and in this way no compensation is needed.
If the MS is served by 1800 band frequency and reporting SS 1800 band = -85
dbm and FBOFFS=7dB then the compensated SS if the MS was served by
the 900 band frequency will be SS 900 band = -85 dbm + 7 = -78 dBm
SS_Serving_cellA 1800 band < SS_neighbor_cellB900 band SS_Serving_cellA 900band = SS_Serving_cellA1800 band+ 7 dB
SS_Serving_cellA 900band = -78 dBm
SS_Serving_cellA 900 band > SS_neighbor_cellB900 band
HO from Cell A Cell B will occur Cell A will remain the serving cell but sub-cell change
may occur if needed.
Wrong Decision
Right Decision
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Multi Band Cells (MBC)
Ex: Assume a MS is served by the OL 1800 sub-cell and reporting SS1800 band = -90 dBm,
BSTXPWR=46dBm, FBOFFSET=7dB, LOL=131dB, LOLHYST=zero
Path loss= BSTXPWR - SS1800 band = 46-(-90)=136 dB Path loss= BSTXPWR - SS1800 band = 46-(-90)=136 dB
Wrong Decision
Right Decision
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Multi Band Cells (MBC)
Parameters Summary:
The Purpose of the Cell Load Sharing Feature is to distribute some of a cells
traffic load to surrounding cells during peaks in traffic.
Cell Load Sharing increases the number of handovers in the part of the
network where the traffic load is unevenly distributed.
Cell Load Sharing is activated on the BSC level via parameter LSSTATE
(Active/Inactive)
The traffic load (amount of idle full rate TCHs) on each cell is examined by the
BSC every CLS time Interval defined by a parameter CLSTIMEINTERVAL
(default=100msec)
For a neighbor cell to accept HOs due to cell load sharing then parameter
HOCLSACC should be set to “ON”
The traffic load on the neighbor cells should also be examined so handovers
due to cell load sharing will only be done to neighbors having enough idle full
rate TCHs (percentage of idle full rate TCHs > CLSACC in order to accept HO
due to CLS)
Now when the % idle full rate TCHs < CLSLEVEL, then the HYST for
neighbors will be recalculated with reduced values based on parameter
RHYST
Rankneighbor= SS_DLneighbor – OFFSETneighbor – HYSTnew neighbor ,
where HYSTnew neighbor = HYSTneighbor [1-2 (RHYST/100)]
RHYS
Hysteresis Reduction
T
No reduction of the Hysteresis
0 area
Cell Border is reduced to the
50 nominal cell border
100 All the Hysteresis area is removed
For a neighbor cell to be candidate for HO due to CLS, then it should satisfy
the following:
Lies in the same BSC as the source cell.
Has the same HCS layer.
Can Accept HO due to CLS i.e. HOCLSACC= ON
% Idle full rate TCHs > CLSACC
The settings for CLSLEVEL and CLSACC should be adjusted such that
CLSACC > CLSLEVEL in order to not having unstable situation.
100% idle TCHs
CLSLEVEL=30
% Make Outgoing HOs due to CLS
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Cell Load Sharing
Frequency Hopping
During a call connection, a time slot (burst) can easily be lost when the mobile
station happens to be located in a fading dip for that particular frequency or if
it is subjected to interference.
If the next time slot is sent on another frequency, there is high probability that
this time slot will be received correctly and this can be done via frequency
hopping.
Frequency Hopping
I. Frequency Diversity
Frequency hopping can solve the multipath fading (fast fading) problem.
The multipath fading results from reflections from the surrounding buildings
resulted in low signal strength fading dips.
With frequency hopping, slow and non-moving MS won’t still in a low signal
strength fading dip more than 1TDMA frame.
F1
F2
Average
Frequency Hopping
TRX4 Transmitter F4
Modes of Hopping:
i. Cyclic Frequency Hopping
ii. Random Frequency Hopping
Modes of Hopping
i. Cyclic Frequency Hopping
With this type of hopping, frequencies are changed every TDMA frame in a
consecutive order starting with the frequency of the lowest Absolute Radio
Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN).
For example for four frequencies the cyclic hopping between them will
appear as follow: f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, ………
Modes of Hopping
ii. Random Frequency Hopping
With this type of hopping, frequencies are changed every TDMA frame
randomly based on a pseudo-random sequence. The sequence is stored in
a look-up table in the MS as well as the BTS and up to 63 independent
sequences can be defined.
The period of the Random sequence=6 minutes, i.e. the random sequence
repeats itself once every 6 minutes.
Parameters Summary
f1 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS8 Channel suffering from
bad quality
Same Cell
f2 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS8 New channel
When a connection suffers from bad quality and at the same time the Signal
Strength is still high, there is a reason to believe that the bad quality is due to
interference.
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Intra Cell Handover
Changing the serving channel on a certain cell to another channel within the
same cell may be useful due to the fact that most likely the interference on
different channels is not the same, and the reason for this could be:
The cell that interferes a certain connection (channel/call) may be not fully
loaded and not transmitting on all its channels.
If power control is in use in the interferer cell, then power used on each
channel will differ based on the MS location from the BTS.
For uplink interference, the MSs connected to the interferer cell will be located
in different places from the cell causing different levels of interference.
Intra Cell Handover can be triggered due to bad quality either in the downlink
or in the uplink.
FQSS is a quality vs. signal strength function that specify at each signal level
the quality beyond which an intra cell handover should be triggered.
Interfered Channel
f2
2nd choice at IHO (Change Time Slot
CHGR1 f3 within the same CHGR )
f4 3rd choice at IHO
Interfered Channel (Same CHGR, same TS but different
channel)
We can limit the number of consecutive IHOs for certain connection to certain
number using parameter MAXIHO ex: If MAXIHO=3, then the maximum
number of allowed consecutive IHOs=3 and if the MS tried to make the 4th
IHO it will be disabled and a timer TIHO will start to inhibit any further attempts
to make IHO until this timer is released.
Intra cell handover and bad quality urgency are both triggered at poor quality
situations.
Intra cell handover has higher priority over bad quality urgency handover, i.e. if
the criteria for both are fulfilled then IHO will be triggered/initiated first.
Parameters Summary
Dynamic HR Allocation
This will result in high utilization of the channels while keeping good speech
quality for the existing connections.
Dynamic HR Allocation
The feature differentiates between AMR and NAMR MSs and can be
controlled on cell level.
Dynamic HR Allocation
New Connection
No
Dual Rate MS ?
(Supports HR?)
Yes
No
Support AMR HR?
Yes
No. of Idle TCHs % < DTHNAMR No No. of Idle TCHs % < DTHAMR
Total no. of TCHs Total no. of TCHs
Yes Yes
HR Allocation AMR HR Allocation
FR/AMR FR Allocation
Dynamic HR Allocation
DTHAMR: The threshold below which the Dynamic HR Allocation starts for
AMR supported MSs
DTHNAMR: The threshold below which the Dynamic HR Allocation starts for
Non AMR supported MSs
Parameters Summary
In this chapter we’ll talk on both BTS and MS Dynamic Power Control.
The aim with Power Control is to increase the number of connections while
maintaining good C/I (Carrier to Interference Ratio).
The Algorithms for both BTS and MS dynamic power control are the same.
The below graph shows the relation between BTS o/p power and the
measured (received) signal strength at the MS vs. the path loss between BTS
and MS.
1
2
For the area before point 1, the received power at the MS in the DL is very
good and sufficient, however the BTS can’t make any sort of down regulation
and sends with power less than its minimum power.
As the MS is moving away from the BTS, the received power is decreasing,
so after crossing point 1, the BTS will start up regulating its power in steps to
compensate for the path loss.
At point 2, the BTS can’t up regulate its power for a value above the max.
allowed power level even if the received power in the MS is deteriorated or the
path loss increased.
For Quality measurements the below graph shows the up regulations in the
BTS o/p power when quality is deteriorated (SS is not into consideration here)
Algorithm:
The Dynamic BTS Power Control algorithm is done on 3 stages:
1. Preparation of the Input Data.
2. Filtering of measurements.
3. Calculation of Power Order.
Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
Dynamic Power Control is made on TCHs time slots as well as on the SDCCH
time slots, while the BCCH frequency with all its time slots is sent with max.
power with no power control.
Type of Measurements:
Measurement Source
SS_DL MS
Quality_DL MS
power level used by the BTS_DL BTS
Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
REGINTDL: A parameter that defines the minimum time period between two
consecutive power orders in the DL. Measured in SACCH periods (0.48
Seconds) from 1 to 10 SACCH periods i.e. Regulating Interval in DL. (It is a
BSC parameter)
The BTS is able to changes its output power , the resolution in o/p power is in
the form of steps of 2 dBs and maximum change is 30 dBs.
(ex: 2dBs, 4dBs,………. , max to 30 dBs)
When power control is in use the BTS output power level will be given as:
Down Regulation: BTS o/p power (dBm) = BSPWRT – 2*PLused ,
Up Regulation: BTS o/p power (dBm) = BSPWRMIN – 2*PLused ,
where PLused = 0to 15
PLused is the power regulation step
Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
SSDESDL: A parameter that defines the desired Signal Strength in DL which
we aim to maintain using power control. Measured in dBm
Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
The equation used to calculate the power order in the next SACCH period
contains information on SSDESDL−SS_DLmeasured and
QDESDL−Quality_DLmeasured.
Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
SS Compensation
We aim to get the SS of the pure TCH time slot compensated for both
frequency hopping when BCCH frequency is included and compensated for
power control.
Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
SS Compensation
ii. Compensating for power control:
SS_DLCompensated = SS_DLTCH + 2*PLused
Now in further calculations SS_DLCompensated will be used, where SSCompensated is
the signal strength compensated for both frequency hopping and power
regulations.
Quality Compensation
Quality_DLCompensated is calculated in the same way such that:
Quality_DLCompensated = Quality_DLmeasured (in dBs) + 2*Plused
Where the Quality_DLmeasured (in dBs) is the Quality_DLmeasured (07) after
transforming it into dBs
Algorithm:
2) Filtering of Measurements
Filtering for both SS and Quality is done with exponential non-linear filters in
order to eliminate variations of temporary nature and get partial results.
a & b (b=1-a) are the non-linear filter’s coefficients and “a” will define the
length of the filter “L”, where each filter length “L” corresponds to certain value
of “a” .
Algorithm:
2) Filtering of Measurements
(A)Filtering of SS Measurements
SS_DLFiltered (k) = b* SS_DLCompensated (k) + a* SS_DLFiltered(K-1),
k is the SACCH period
In this case “up regulation is needed” and In this case “Down regulation is needed” and it
it should be done very fast in order to not should be done in a smooth way, coz decreasing
lose the connection. the power suddenly may harm the connection.
Algorithm:
2) Filtering of Measurements
(B) Filtering of Quality Measurements
Quality_DLFiltered (k) = b* Quality_DLCompensated (k) + a* Quality_DLFiltered(K-1),
k is the SACCH period
Algorithm:
2) Filtering of Measurements
SS_DLFiltered(K-1) is set initially = SSDESDL, that will lead to start power
regulations immediately after the first valid measurement report.
SSDESDL: has value range from -110 to -47 dbm and recommended value is
-90 dbm
Algorithm:
Till now we finalized two stages from the algorithm:
1. Preparation of the Input Data.
2. Filtering of measurements.
Compensation Filtering
SS_DLmeasured SS_DLCompensated SS_DLFiltered
Quality units to
dB transformation Compensation
Q_DLmeasured
(Quality Units) Q_DLmeasured(dB)
Filtering
Q_DLFiltered Q_DLCompensated
Algorithm:
3) Calculation of Power Order (PU)
This will be done on three stages:
(A) Calculating the two basic Power Orders.
(B) Applying the Power Orders constraints.
(C) Conversion of output data.
Algorithm:
3) Calculation of Power Order (PU)
(A) Calculating the two basic Power Orders
i = 1,2 and α1 & β1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
α1 = LCOMPDL/100, β1 = QCOMPDL/100, α2 = 0.3, β2 = 0.4
PU1 is calculated according to settings of α1 & β1 ( The operator will set the
proper values from his point of view for LCOMPDL & QCOMPDL),
Default values: LCOMPDL=5 and COPMDL=55
PU2 is calculated according to recommended settings of α2 & β2 based on
trials and field measurements.
Algorithm:
3) Calculation of Power Order (PU)
(A) Calculating the two basic Power Orders
i = 1,2 and α1 & β1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
PU1 and PU2 both of them aim to maintain the SS within the desired value
defined according to SSDESDL and to maintain the Quality within the desired
value defined according to QDESDL but each will calculate the path loss in
different way.
PU_used = max (PU1, PU2), max of pu1 and PU2 will be used as the desired
power order in the next measurement report coz the max of both of them will
mean lower down regulation/higher up regulation.
Algorithm:
3) Calculation of Power Order (PU)
(B) Applying Power Order constraints
The highest allowed power order PU_used = zero, which means keeping the
output power at maximum value with no power control.
The lowest allowed power order is given by the minimum of the following:
PU_used= minimum (30 dB, BSPWRT- minimum BTS o/p power)
i.e. it is not allowed to decrease the o/p power or increase it by a value > 30dB
Algorithm:
3) Calculation of Power Order (PU)
(C) Conversion of output data
pu_used will be interpreted into final form PL_used which takes values
from 0 15
PL_used =Integer(-pu_used/2)
Ex: if PL_used = 3 and Down regulation for power is required, then in the next
measurement report the BSC will inform the BTS to decrease its current
power by 2* PL_used = 6 dBs
Parameters Summary
The Objective of the MS power control algorithm is to adjust the output power
of the MS so that a desired signal strength is received in the BTS.
The below graph shows the relation between MS o/p power and the measured
(received) signal strength at the BTS vs. the path loss between BTS and MS.
1
2
For the area before point 1, the received power at the BTS in the UL is very
good and sufficient, however the MS can’t make any sort of down regulation
and sends with power less than its minimum power.
As the MS is moving away from the BTS, the received power is decreasing,
so after crossing point 1, the MS will start up regulating its power in steps to
compensate for the path loss.
At point 2, the MS can’t up regulate its power for a value above the max.
allowed power level even if the received power in the MS is deteriorated or the
path loss increased.
For Quality measurements the below graph shows the up regulations in the
MS o/p power when quality is deteriorated (SS is not taken into consideration
here).
As the Quality got worse ( 0 7), the MS will try to increase its power to
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compensate for the quality drop.
Dynamic MS Power Control
Algorithm:
The Dynamic MS Power Control algorithm is done on 3 stages:
1. Preparation of the Input Data.
2. Filtering of measurements.
3. Calculation of Power Order.
Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
Dynamic Power Control is made on TCHs time slots as well as on the SDCCH
time slots, while the BCCH frequency with all its time slots is sent with max.
power with no power control.
Type of measurements:
Measurement Source
SS_UL BTS
Quality_UL BTS
power level used by the MS_UL MS
Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
REGINTUL: A parameter that defines the minimum time period between two
consecutive power orders. Measured in SACCH periods (0.48 Seconds) from
1 to 30 SACCH periods.
The BTS is able to changes its output power in the form of steps of 2 dBs
(ex: 2dBs, 4dBs,………. , max to 16 dBs)
When power control is in use the MS output power level will be given as:
PWR_used = min(MSTXPWR,MSPWRMAX) – 2*PLused , where PLused
= 0 to 8
and PWR_used is the power used by the MS during the connection
Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
SSDESUL: A parameter that defines the desired Signal Strength in UL which
we aim to maintain using power control in the UL. Measured in dBm
Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
The equation used to calculate the power order in the next SACCH period
contains information on SSDESUL−SS_ULmeasured and
QDESUL−Quality_ULmeasured.
dB transformation (dB) 23 19 17 15 13 11 8 4
Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
SS Compensation
Compensating for power control:
SS_ULCompensated = SS_ULmeasured + 2*PLused
Now in further calculations SS_ULCompensated will be used, where SSCompensated
is the signal strength compensated for power regulations.
Quality Compensation
Quality_ULCompensated is calculated in the same way such that:
Quality_ULCompensated = Quality_ULmeasured (in dBs) + 2*PLused
Where the Quality_ULmeasured (in dBs) is the Quality_ULmeasured (07) after
transforming it into dBs.
Algorithm:
2) Filtering of Measurements
Filtering for both SS and Quality is done with exponential non-linear filters in
order to eliminate variations of temporary nature and get partial results.
a & b (b=1-a) are the non-linear filter’s coefficients and “a” will define the
length of the filter “L”, where each filter length “L” corresponds to certain value
of “a”
Algorithm:
2) Filtering of Measurements
(A) Filtering of SS Measurements
SS_ULFiltered (k) = b* SS_ULCompensated (k) + a* SS_ULFiltered(K-1), k is the SACCH
period
In this case “up regulation is needed” and In this case “Down regulation is needed” and it
it should be done very fast in order to not should be done in a smooth way, coz
lose the connection. decreasing the power suddenly may harm the
connection.
Algorithm:
2) Filtering of Measurements
(B) Filtering of Quality Measurements
− Quality_ULFiltered (k) = b* Quality_ULCompensated (k) + a* Quality_ULFiltered(K-1),
k is the SACCH period
Algorithm:
2) Filtering of Measurements
SS_ULFiltered(K-1) is set initially = SSDESUL, that will lead to start power
regulations immediately after the first valid measurement report.
SSDESUL: has value range from -110 to -47 dbm and recommended value is
-92 dbm
QDESUL: has value range from 0 to 70 dtqu and recommended value is
30dtqu
Algorithm:
Till now we finalized two stages from the algorithm:
1. Preparation of the Input Data.
2. Filtering of measurements.
Algorithm:
3) Calculation of Power Order (PU)
This will be done on three stages:
(A) Calculating the two basic Power Orders
(B) Applying the Power Orders constraints
(C) Conversion of output data.
Algorithm:
3) Calculation of Power Order (PU)
(A) Calculating the two basic Power Orders
i = 1,2 and α1 & β1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
α1 = LCOMPUL/100, β1 = QCOMPUL/100, α2 = 0.3, β2 = 0.4
pu1 is calculated according to settings of α1 & β1 ( The operator will set the
proper values from his point of view for LCOMPUL & QCOMPUL)
pu2 is calculated according to recommended settings of α2 & β2 based on
trials and field measurements.
Algorithm:
3) Calculation of Power Order (PU)
(A) Calculating the two basic Power Orders
i = 1,2 and α1 & β1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
pu1 and pu2 both of them aim to maintain the SS within the desired value
defined according to SSDESUL and to maintain the Quality within the desired
value defined according to QDESUL but each will calculate the path loss in
different way.
pu_used = max (pu1,pu2), max of pu1 and pu2 will be used as the desired
power order in the next measurement report coz the max of both of them will
mean lower down regulation/higher up regulation
Algorithm:
3) Calculation of Power Order (PU)
(B) Applying Power Order constraints
The highest allowed power order pu_used = zero, which means keeping the
output power at maximum value with no power control.
The lowest allowed power order is given by the minimum of 16 dB i.e. it is not
allowed to decrease the o/p power or increase it by a value > 16 dB
Algorithm:
3) Calculation of Power Order (PU)
(C) Conversion of output data
pu_used will be interpreted into final form PL_used which takes values
from 0 8
PL_used =Integer(-pu_used/2)
Ex: if PL_used = 3 and Down regulation for power is required, then in the next
measurement report the BSC will inform the MS to decrease its current power
by 2* PL_used = 6 dBs
Parameters Summary
Dynamic BTS Power Control Parameters
Parameter Name Value Range Default Value Recommended Value Unit
SSDESUL −110 to −47 −92 −92 dBm
QDESUL 0 to 76 30 30 dtqu
LCOMPUL 0 to 100 6 6 −
QCOMPUL 0 to 100 75 75 −
UPDWNRATIO 100 to 700 200 300 −
Multi RAT users can have good coverage even in areas where no UMTS
coverage and this can be accomplished using UMTS-GSM cell reselection
and HO.
CPICH RSCP:
Common Pilot Channel - Received Signal Code Power.
Used as a measure of the SS of the neighbor UMTS cell after dispreading.
If QSC=8, then the UE is allowed to measure the neighbor UMTS cell only when
the SS of the serving GSM Cell > -78 dBm
SS(dBm)
-78 dBm
-90 dBm ─
time
GSM GSM&UMTS GSM GSM&UMTS
measurements measurements measurements measurements
RLA (S+N): It is the Received Level Average of the signal strength of the
serving+neighbor GSM cells measured in dBm, averaging is made on at least
5 measurements over a period of 35 seconds.
N.B: If the criteria for inter system cell reselection from GSM to UMTS is
fulfilled then the multi RAT UE will perform cell reselection to the UMTS cell
even if the criteria for selection another ordinary GSM cell is fulfilled.
Urgency Condition
UMTS % idle TCHs ≤ ISOLEV GSM
Aux. Radio features
Evaluation Evaluation
Ec/No > MRSL Organizing the list
Add UMTS cells to Candidate list
Sending the list
and allocation
reply
MRSL: It is a BSC parameter that gives the minimum threshold for the quality
(Ec/No) for a UMTS neighbor cell in order to be added to the HO candidate
list, recommended value=-9dB
N.B: To have balance between the behavior in the idle & active modes it is
recommended to set the values for FDDQMIN (idle) = MRSL (active)
Parameters Summary
GSM-UMTS Cell Reselection and HO Control Parameters
Parameter Name Value Range Default Value Recommended Value Unit
COEXUMTS 0(OFF),1(ON) 0(OFF) 1(ON) −
0 to 6(Below:-98dBm t o -74dBm)
7(Always)
QSI 8 to 14(Above:-78dBm to -54dBm)
15 − −
15 (Never)
0 to 6(Below:-98dBm t o -74dBm)
7(Always)
QSC 8 to 14(Above:-78dBm to -54dBm)
15 − −
15 (Never)
0 to 7 (-20dB, -6dB, -18dB, -8dB,
FDDQMIN -16dB, -10dB, -14dB, -12dB)
0 (-20dB) 5(-10dB) −
FDDRSCPMIN 0 to 15(-114 dBm to -84 dBm in steps of 2dBm) 6(-102 dBm) 6(-102 dBm) −
FDDQOFF 0 to 15 (-inf, -28dB to 28dB in steps of 4 dB) 8(0 dB) 0(-inf) −
FDMRR 0 to 3 0 1 or 2 −
MRSL 0 to 49 − 30 (-9 dB)
ISHOLEV 0 to 99 20 − %
The Quality of service means that how the subscriber is satisfied with the
overall service.
(C) Service Integrity: The ability to keep the quality of the service good enough
during the connection with the network.
Paging Attempts
Paging Success Rate
TCH Traffic
TCH Blocking
Defined TCH
Channels
TCH Traffic
TCH Drop Rate
BQ Both Links
BQ Downlink
BQ Uplink
Low SS Both Links
Low SS Downlink
Low SS Uplink
Sudden Lost
BQ Both Links
BQ Downlink
BQ Uplink
Low SS Both Links
Low SS Downlink
Low SS Uplink
Sudden Lost
Rxqual take values from 0 (Best) 7 (Worst) and gives indication for the
quality of the radio environment.
There are counters to measure the no. of samples that received with Rxqual
0,1,2,….7
The algorithm used for calculation the SQI takes into account the BER, the
distribution of BER, the FER (Frame Erasure Rate) and the codec used (HR,
FR, EFR). The output values are measured on a dBQ scale.