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ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
GROUP 1

AIR POLLUTION
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WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION?

AIR POLLUTION

Pure air is colorless and odorless. But, various

pollutants from natural and man-made sources are
entering the atmosphere daily and these pollutants disturb
the dynamic equilibrium in the atmosphere. This leads to
air pollution when the normal properties of air are upset
and both man and environment suffer.

It has been present in many civilizations from the

very time that people started to make fires. Although air
pollution is inevitable due to natural pollution sources, it is
a threat to the many aspects of life and therefore should be
taken seriously.

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WHY IS THERE AIR POLLUTION?

2 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
NATURAL SOURCES
 Volcanic Activity
 Vegetation Decay
 Forest fires emitting carbon monoxide

MAN-MADE SOURCES
 Gasses
 Particulates and Aerosols emitted by
industries and other chemical and
biological processes used by man
 Sewage (Methane)
 Garbage Burning
 Chlorofluorocarbons

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WHY IS THERE AIR POLLUTION?

CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
PRIMARY POLLUNTANTS - those that are emitted directly
from the sources.

 Inorganic Gasses – SO2, NO, CO2, H2S.

 Radioactive Compounds

SECONDARY POLLUTANTS - those that are formed in the

atmosphere by chemical reactions among primary pollutants
and atmospheric constituents.

 SO3, NO2, O3.

 Aldehydes
 Ketones
 Various Nitrate and Sulphate Salts
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The Five Major Primary Pollutants

CO NOX SO2
CARBON MONOXIDE NITROGEN OXIDES SULPHUR DIOXIDE

HC
HYDROCARBONS PARTICULATE MATTER

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EXAMPLES OF AIR POLLUTION

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Outdoor air pollution involves exposures that take place outside of the built environment.

Examples include:
• Fine particles produced by the burning of fossil fuels (i.e. the coal and petroleum used in energy production)

• Noxious gases (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, chemical vapors, etc.)

• Ground-level ozone (a reactive form of oxygen and a primary component of urban smog)

• Tobacco Smoke

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Indoor air pollution involves exposures to particulates, carbon oxides, and other pollutants carried by
indoor air or dust.

Examples include:

• Gases (carbon monoxide, radon, etc.)

• Household products and chemicals

• Building materials (asbestos, formaldehyde, lead, etc.)

• Outdoor indoor allergens(cockroach and mouse dropping, etc.)

• Tobacco smoke

• Mold and pollen

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PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
USE PUBLIC MODE OF TRANSPO
Encourage people to use more and more public modes of
transportation to reduce pollution.
CONSERVE ENERGY
Switch off fans and lights when you are going out. A large
number of fossil fuels are burnt to produce electricity. You can
save the environment from degradation by reducing the
number of fossil fuels to be burned.
REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE
Do not throw away items that are of no use to you. In-fact
reuse them for some other purpose. For e.g. you can use old
jars to store cereals or pulses.
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EMPHASIS ON
CLEAN ENERGY RESOURCES
Clean energy technologies like solar, wind and geothermal are
on high these days. Governments of various countries have been
providing grants to consumers who are interested in installing
solar panels for their home. This will go a long way to curb air
pollution.
USE ENERGY EFFICIENT DEVICES
This is a direct attempt at slacking Global warming. We are seeing a
series of innovations and experiments aimed at alternate and
unconventional options to reduce pollutants. Air pollution is one of the
larger mirrors of man’s follies, and a challenge we need to overcome to
see a tomorrow.
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LAWS REGARDING AIR POLLUTION

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PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1152

PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE
Section 2. Purposes. - The purposes of this Title are:

a) to achieve and maintain such levels of air quality as to

protect public health and…

Section 3. Ambient Air Quality Standards. - There shall be established

ambient air quality standards which shall prescribe the maximum
concentration of air pollutants permissible in the atmosphere
consistent with public health, safety and general welfare.

In the establishment of ambient air quality standards, factors such as

local atmospheric conditions, location and land use, and available
technology, shall be considered among others.

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PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1152

PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE
Section 4. National Emission Standards. - There shall be
established national emission standards for new and existing
stationary and mobile sources of pollution which shall consider
among others such factors as type of industry, practicable
control technology available, location and land use, and the
nature of pollutants emitted.
Section 7. Aircraft Emission and Sonic Booms. - Appropriate
government agencies shall encourage research studies on the
harmful effects of aircraft emissions in the environment in order to
establish permissible emission standards.

Research and studies shall also be undertaken to mitigate and/or

minimize the effects of sonic booms in the environment.

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PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1152

PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE
Section 8. Air Quality and Noise Standards. - National Pollution Control
Commission in coordination with appropriate government agencies
shall be responsible for the enforcement of ambient air quality
emission and noise standards, including the monitoring and
surveillance of air pollutants, licensing and permitting of air pollution
control facilities, and the promulgation of appropriate rules and
regulations. Existing air quality emission and noise standards may be
revised and/or modified consistent with new development and
technology.
Section 10. Vehicular Emissions. - The Land Transportation
Commission, shall implement emission standards for vehicles and
may deputize other appropriate law enforcement agencies for the
purpose.

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PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1152

PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE
Section 12. Air Quality Monitoring. - The National Pollution Control
Commission in coordination with appropriate government agencies,
shall establish to the greatest extent practicable an air quality
monitoring network. Such air quality monitoring network shall put to
maximum use the capabilities of these agencies. The National
Environmental Protection Council shall be furnished with the results
of air quality monitoring activities.

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REPUBLIC ACT 8749

PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

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PENALTIES REGARDING AIR POLLUTION

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Fines and Penalties for Violations of Other Provisions in the Act (RA 8749)
For violations of all other provisions provided in the Act and these Implementing Rules and Regulations,
fine of not less than Ten Thousand Pesos (P 10,000.00) but not more than One Hundred Thousand
Pesos (P 100,000.00) or six (6) years imprisonment or both shall be imposed. If the offender is a
juridical person, the president, manager, directors, trustees, the pollution control officer or officials
directly in charge of the operations shall suffer the penalty herein provided.

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Burning of Municipal Waste
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Any person who burns municipal waste in violation of Sections 1 and 3 of Rule XXV shall be punished
with two (2) years and one (1) day to four (4) years imprisonment.

Burning of Hazardous Substances and Wastes

Any person who burns hazardous substances and wastes in violation of Section 1 of Rule XXV shall
be punished with four (4) years and one (1) day to six (6) years imprisonment.

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Burning of Bio-Medical Waste
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Any person who burns bio-medical waste in violation of Section 4 of Rule XXV shall be punished with four (4)
years and one (1) to six (6) years imprisonment.

Smoking in Public Places

Any person who smokes inside a public building or an enclosed public place, including public utility vehicles or other
means of public transport or in any enclosed area outside of his private residence, private place of work or any duly
designated smoking area shall be punished with six (6) months and one (1) day to one (1) year imprisonment or a
fine of ten thousand pesos (P 10,000.00).
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Manufacture, Importation, Sale, Offer for Sale, Introduction into Commerce, Conveyance or other
Disposition of Leaded Gasoline.
Any person who manufactures, imports, sells, offers for sale, introduces into commerce, conveys or otherwise
disposes of, in any manner leaded gasoline shall be punished with three (3) years and one (1) day to five (5)
years imprisonment and liable for the appropriate fine as provided in Section 1.

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Manufacture, Importation, Sale, Offer for Sale, Introduction into Commerce, Conveyance or other
Disposition of Engines and/or Engine Components Requiring Leaded Gasoline.
Any person who manufactures, imports, sells, offers for sale, introduces into commerce, conveys or otherwise
disposes of, in any manner engines and/or engine components which require the use of leaded gasoline shall be
punished with three (3) years and one (1) day to five (5) years imprisonment and liable for the appropriate fine
as provided in Section 1.

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Manufacture, Importation, Sale, Offer for Sale, Dispensation, Transportation or Introduction into
Commerce of Unleaded Gasoline Fuel which do not Meet the Fuel Specifications.
Any person who manufactures, sells, offers for sale, dispenses, transports or introduces into commerce unleaded
premium gasoline fuel in violation of Section 3 of Rule XXXI or which do not meet the fuel specifications as
revised by the DOE shall be punished with three (3) years and one (1) day to five (5) years imprisonment and
liable for the appropriate fine as provided in Section 1.

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Manufacture, Importation, Sale, Offer for Sale, Dispensation, Transportation or Introduction into
Commerce of Automotive Diesel Fuel which do not Meet the Fuel Specifications.
Any person who manufactures, sells, offers for sale, dispenses, transports or introduces into commerce
automotive diesel fuel in violation of Section 3 of Rule XXXI or which do not meet the fuel specifications as
revised by the DOE shall be punished with three (3) years and one (1) day to five (5) years imprisonment and
liable for the appropriate fine as provided in Section 1.

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Manufacture, Importation, Sale, Offer for Sale, Dispensation, Transportation or Introduction into
Commerce of Industrial Diesel Fuel which do not Meet the Fuel Specifications.
Any person who manufactures, sells, offers for sale, dispenses, transports or introduces into commerce industrial
diesel fuel in violation of Section 3 of Rule XXXI or which do not meet the fuel specifications as revised by the DOE
shall be punished with three (3) years and one (1) day to five (5) years imprisonment and liable for the
appropriate fine as provided in Section 1.

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Manufacture, Processing, Trade of Fuel or Fuel Additive Without Prior Registration of the Fuel or Fuel
Additive with the DOE.
Any person who manufactures, processes, or engages in the trade of any fuel or fuel additive without having the
fuel or fuel additive registered with the DOE shall be punished with two (2) years and one (1) day to four (4)
years of imprisonment and liable for the appropriate fine as provided in Section 1.

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Misfuelling.
Misfuelling refers to the act of introducing or causing or allowing the introduction of leaded gasoline into any
motor vehicle equipped with a gasoline tank filler inlet and labeled “unleaded gasoline only.”

Any person who misfuels shall be punished with one (1) year and one (1) day to three (3) years imprisonment or
a fine of twenty thousand pesos (P 20,000.00)

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