GENERAL

PHARMACOLOGY

Mirshad .P.V
• Pharmacology
Dealing with interaction of foreign
substances with body
• Pharmacodynamics
What the drug does to the body ?
• Pharmacokinetics
What the body does to the drug ?
• Pharmacotherapeutics
Application of Pharmacology with
knowledge of disease
• Clinical pharmacology
Scientific study of the drug in man
• Chemotherapy
Treatment of systemic infection /malignancy with
specific drugs
Pharmacy
Dealing with preparation and dispensing of
drugs
• Toxicology
Study of poisonous effect of dugs/chemicals in
the body
Nomenclature
1. Chemical name
Eg:- 1-(isopropylamino)3-
(naphthyloxy)propan 2- ol =Propranalol
2. Non-proprietary name/Generic
Propranalol,amaorphine etc
3. Proprietary name/Brand name
Altol,Atecor =Atenalol
Timoptic,Glucomol = Timolol
“Essential drug” concept
• According to WHO, Essential drugs are
“Those that satisfy the health care needs
of majority of population”
• Adequate data about the drug should be
available
• Adequate amount and dosage should be
available
• Vary from place to place according to the
infrastructure, patterns of disease, etc..
Orphan drugs

• These are drugs used for

diagnosis/treatment/prevention of a rare
diseases
• Since the disease is rare, the
manufactures cant viable the cost of
development and marketing
• Eg sodium nitrate, Digoixin antibody,
Protamine sulphate, Etc…
Routes drug administration

• Drugs can administered through various

routes
• Selection of routes are depends on factors
like Physical & chemical, PH properties of
the drug
• Sites of desired action
• Rate & extent of absorption
• Effect of digestive juices etc…
Local routes
• Used for localized lesion at accessible
site
1. Topical:- application on surface
A) skin :- as ointment, cream, paste
B) Mucous membrane:- like mouth,
eye, bronchi, vagina, anal canal, etc..
…contd
2. Deeper tissues:- By using syringe and
needle
eg Intra-articular injection of
hydrocortisone
Intrathecal injection of lignocaine
Intramedullary
Retro bulbar
Systemic routes

• The drug get absorbed from the site,

reached the circulation including site of
action
• Produce effect
Oral routes/ enteral
• Common & oldest
• All forms can be taken
• Assistance not needed
• Painless
• Slower action
• Certain drugs – cant be given
• Unpalatable drugs /un co-operative
persons – cant be given
Sublingual route
• Tab/pellet can be placed under the tongue
-absorbed through deep lingual vein /
buccal mucosa
• Should be non irritating and lipid soluble
• Rapid absorption – suitable for emergency
• Bypass first pass metabolism
• Eg:- Nitroglycerine,testosterone
Rectal route
• Irritant & un pleasant drugs can given
through rectum – suppositories

• It is inconvenient – absorption is slower &

un predictable
• Eg:- Indomathacin,diazepam
Cutaneous
• Highly lipid soluble drugs – can slowly
absorb from skin
• Eg:-Transdermal therapeutic system
• Drugs can slowly released from the
reservoir for a longer time
• Eg:- Fentanyl,nicotine,Hyoscine
Inhalation
• Volatile liquid & gases can be given
through this route
• Rapid action
• Eg:- Halothane, ether
Nasal route
• Drugs can also given through nostril
• Eg: - Desmopressin,
Injections
• Administration by needle in to tissue fluid
or blood directly
• No need to cross mucosa
• Faster, sure, painful ,assistance needed,
expensive
Subcutaneous (s.c)
• Drugs deposited in to loose sc tissues.
• Supplied with nerves and vassals
• Irritants cant be given
• Eg:- Insulin
Intra muscular
• Drug is administered in to large muscles
(glutius, deltoid)
• Rapid absorption
Intravenous (i.v)
• Drugs administered directly into the blood
stream through veins
• Rapid, 100% bioavailability
• Large quantity & irritant drug can be given
• Can be given as bolus or infusion
Intradermal
• Drugs can be injected in to skin by rising a
bleb
• Not common
• Eg:- BCG vaccines, allergy tests
• Intra pertonially
• Large amount of drug can be given
through peritoneum