DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

TOPIC : BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

NAME : RAJATH R
USN : 1JS15EC067
 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 HOW DO BCIs WORK?
TYPES OF BRAIN SIGNALS RECORDED IN BCI
TYPES OF BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE
APPLICATIONS OF BCI
BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE FOR CONTROL OF
WHEELCHAIR USING FUZZY NEURAL NETWORK
LIMITATIONS
FUTURE
REFERENCE
 INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE (BCI) ?

Brain-computer interfaces are direct pathways of

communication between the brain and some external
device.
 How Do BCIs Work?
 BCIs measure brain activity, process it, and produce control
signals that reflect the user’s intent
 This intent triggers a complex process in which certain brain
areas are activated
 Signals are sent via the peripheral nervous system (specifically,
the motor pathways) to the corresponding muscles
 Activity resulting from this process is often called motor output
or efferent output.
which in turn perform the movement necessary for the
communication or control task.
 This translation involves signal processing and pattern
recognition, which is typically done by a computer.
 Since the measured activity originates directly from the brain
and not from the peripheral systems or muscles, the system is
called a Brain–Computer Interface.
 SIGNAL ACQUISITION
The signal acquisition has to be accurate, efficient, in real-time and won't put the
patient in too much of health risk. There are two approaches to achieving this.
Invasive BCI, which implants electrodes within the scull and acquire signals
directly Author Keywords Brain-Computer Interface, Invasive BCI, Non-
invasive BCI .
PREPROCESSING
 Subsampling
 Frequency Filtering
 Channel Scaling
 Channel Selection
 Spatial Filtering
 Frequency Decomposition
 FEATURES
 Statistical features
 Integral features
 Bandpower
 Waveform length
 Autoregression coefficients
CLASSIFIERS
 Linear classifiers
 Neural Networks
 Nonlinear Bayesian classifiers
 Nearest Neighbor classifiers
 Combinations of classifiers
 Boosting ,Voting, Stacking
 TASKS
 RELAX (BASELINE TASK)
 NON -TRIVIAL MENTAL CALCULATION
 3D ROTATION TASK
 VISUAL COUNTING TASK
Types of Brain Signals recorded in BCI
Electrophysiological

Magnetic

Metabolic
Electrophysiological
EEG Recording – scalp recording
 Electrocorticographic (ECoG)- cortical surface
 Intracortical recording
Magnetic
 Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures very
small magnetic fields produced by the electrical
activity of the brain
 Higher spatial resolution than EEG
 Detect frequency ranges above those available in
EEG
Metabolic Signals
 Blood oxygenation [the blood oxygen level
dependent (BOLD) response]
 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
 TYPES OF BRAIN COMPUTER
INTERFACE
 Invasive Brain Computer Interfaces

 Non Invasive Brain Computer Interfaces

 Partially Invasive Brain Computer

Interfaces
 Invasive(I) BCI
 Most accurate signal
 Accuracy fades over time
 Damage to the brain, bodies
 defenses attack foreign object,
 scar tissue
 Most risky
 Can cause damage to brain,
 leaves brain exposed
 Non-Invasive(NI) BCI
 Less accurate signal
 Cranium alters the signals
 that are picked up from the brain,
 can cause problems
 Less risky
 Brain isn’t exposed,
 less risk to overall health
 Most popular devices under this
category is the EEG
 Partially Invasive BCI
 Implanted inside the skull but outside the brain
 Better resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs
 Less risk of scar tissue formation when compared to
Invasive BCI
ECoG:-electrodes are embedded in a thin plastic pad
that is placed above the cortex, beneath the dura mate
 Applications of BCI
Individuals who are severely disabled by disorders such
as :
 ALS
 Locked In state
 Cerebral palsy
 Brainstem stroke
 Spinal-cord injuries
 Muscular dystrophies
 Chronic peripheral neuropathies
Brain-Computer Interface for
Control of Wheelchair Using Fuzzy
Neural Networks.
The design of brain-computer interface for the wheelchair for physically
disabled people is presented. The design of the proposed system is based on
receiving, processing, and classification of the electroencephalographic (EEG)
signals and then performing the control of the wheelchair. The number of
experimental measurements of brain activity has been done using human
control commands of the wheelchair. Based on the mental activity of the user
and the control commands of the wheelchair, the design of classification
system based on fuzzy neural networks (FNN) is considered. The design of
FNN based algorithm is used for brain-actuated control. The training data is
used to design the system and then test data is applied to measure the
performance of the control system. The control of the wheelchair is performed
under real conditions using direction and speed control commands of the
wheelchair. The approach used in the paper allows reducing the probability of
misclassification and improving the control accuracy of the wheelchair.
 The BCI based control of the wheelchair.

EEG signals for five channels: (a) neutral pose and (b) positive gesture pose.
FNN based identifier.
 LIMITATIONS
 Getting a good signal is hard.
 Interpretation of signal is hard.
 Surgery is needed for electrode placement.
 Invasive BCI prone to develop scar tissue.
 Difficulty in adaption and learning.
 Expensive
 Low SNR
FUTURE
 BCI technology seems very applicable in a wide variety
of areas whether it be medically or commercially
 Possibilities of how far the systems can go is virtually
limitless
 Control of sub vocalization and more advanced EEG
processing could lead to telepathic communication
and active learning mechanisms
 Virtual Gaming
 Mind Reading
 REFERENCES
 Ang KK Guan C Phua KS Wang C The I Chen CW Chew E. (2012) "Transcranial
Direct Current Stimulation and EEG-based Motor Imagery BCI for Upper Limb
Stroke Rehabilitation" IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
(EMBC) Aug 28 - Sept 1 2012 San Diego USA
 N. Xu X. Gao B. Hong X. Miao S. Gao and F. Yang "BCI competition 2003-data
set IIb: Enhancing P300 wave detection using ICA-based subspace projections
for BCI applications " IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. vol. 51 no. 6 pp. 1067-1072
2004.
 P.J. Ifft S. Shokur Z. Li M.A. Lebedev M.A.L. Nicolelis "A brain-machine
interface enables bimanual arm movements in monkeys" Sci. Transl. Med. vol.
5 2013.
 Clinical Applications of Brain–Computer Interfaces: Current State and
Future Prospects; Joseph N. Mak et al:IEEE REVIEWS IN
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 2, 2009
 Limitations, Possibilities and Implications of Brain-ComputerInterfaces;
Dietrich et al, 978-1-4244-7562-9/10/ ©2010 IEEE
 REFERENCES
 P. Sajda, K-R. Mueller, and K.V. Shenoy, eds., special issue, “Brain Computer
Interfaces,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,Jan. 2008
 Brain- Computer Interfaces: Towards Practical Implementations and Potential
Applications,”
ComputationalIntelligence and Neuroscience, 2007
 Brain–machine interfaces: past, present and future:Mikhail
TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.29 No.9
 Preprocessing and Meta-Classification for Brain-Computer Interfaces,Paul S.
Hammon* and Virginia R. de Sa IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEERING, VOL. 54, NO. 3, MARCH 2007
 Buch E Weber C Cohen LG Braun C Dimyan MA Ard T et al. (2008) "Think to
move: a neuromagnetic brain-computer interface (BCI) system for chronic
stroke". Stroke 2008; 39(3): 910-917. (Pubitemid 351619582)
THANK YOU