METHODS OF RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

5/19/2019 1
 INTRODUCTION
Why do research? There is a saying that research is
the mother of all necessity. It is a key to progress. In
government, in education, in trade and commerce,
and in all types and kinds of industries, research is
vital and essential. The output results of research
are used for decision making.

5/19/2019 2
 DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH
Careful, critical, disciplined inquiry, varying in
technique and method according to the nature
and conditions of the problem identified,
directed toward the clarification or resolution of
a problem (Good)
Research is, simply, the systematic search for
pertinent information on a specific topic or
problem (Aquino)
The process of gathering data or information to
solve a particular or specific problem in a
scientific manner (Manuel and Medel)

5/19/2019 3
 DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH
Research in its broadest sense is an attempt to
gain solutions to problems. More precisely, it
is the collection of data in a rigorously
controlled situation for the purpose of
prediction or explanation (Treece & Treece)
Research defined as a purposive, systematic and scientific
process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing,
presenting, and interpreting data for the solution of a problem,
for prediction, for invention, for the discovery of truth, or for the
expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the
preservation and improvement of the quality human life.

5/19/2019 4
 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
1. To discover new facts about known phenomena.
2. To find answers to problems which are only partially solved by
existing methods and information.
3. Improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or
products.
4. To discover previously unrecognized substances or elements.
5. Discover pathways of action of known substances and
elements.

5/19/2019 5
 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
6. To order related, valid generalizations into systematized
science.
7. To provide basis for decision-making in business, industry,
education, government and in other undertakings.
8. To the researcher’s curiosity.
9. To find answers to queries by means of scientific methods.
10. To acquire a better and deeper understanding about one
phenomenon.

5/19/2019 6
 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
11. To expand or verify existing knowledge.
12. To improve educational practices for raising the quality of
school products.
13. To promote health and prolong life.
14. To provide man with more of his basic needs-more and
better food, clothing, shelter, etc.
15. To make work, travel, and communication faster, easier, and
more comfortable.

5/19/2019 7
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Research is systematic.
2. Research is controlled.
3. Research is empirical.
4. Research is analytical.
5. Research is objective, unbiased, and logical.
6. Research employs hypothesis.
7. Research employs quantitative or statistical methods
8. Research is original work.
9. Research is done by an expert.
10. Research is accurate investigation, observation and description.
11. Research is patient and unhurried activity.
12. Research requires an effort-making capacity.
13. Research requires courage.

5/19/2019 8
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
1. According to purpose – three broadly different
kinds of research:
a. Predictive or prognostic research has the
purpose of determining the future operation of
the variables under investigation with the aim of
controlling or redirecting such for the better.
b. Directive research determines what should be
done based on the findings. This is to remedy an
unsatisfactory condition if there is any.

5/19/2019 9
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
c. Illuminative research is concerned with the
interaction of the components of the variable
being investigated.
2. According to goal
a. Basic or pure research is done for the
development of theories or principles. It is
conducted for the intellectual pleasure of
learning.
b. Applied research is the application of the
results of pure research.
5/19/2019 10
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
3. According to the levels of investigation-French
categorizes research into:
a. In exploratory research, researcher studies
the variables pertinent to a specific situation.
b. In descriptive research, researcher studies
the relationship of the variables.
c. In experimental research, experimenter
studies the effects of the variables on each
other.
5/19/2019 11
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
4. According to the type of analysis-Weiss
classifies research into:
a. In the analytic approach, the researcher
attempts to identify and isolate the
components of the research situations.
b. The holistic approach begins with the total
situation, focusing attention on the system
first and then on its internal relationships.

5/19/2019 12
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
5. According to scope
Under this category is action research. This
type of research is done by on a very limited
scope to solve a particular problem which is not
so big. It is almost problem-solving.
In education, it is a firing-line or on the job
type of problem-solving or research used by
teachers, supervisors, and administrators to
improve the quality of their decisions and
actions.
5/19/2019 13
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
6. According to choice of answers to problems-
Ackoff divides research into:
a. In evaluation research, all possible courses of
action are specified and identified and the
researcher tries to find the most advantageous.
b. In developmental research, the focus is on
finding or developing a more suitable
instrument or process than has been available.

5/19/2019 14
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
7. According to statistical content
a. Quantitative or statistical research is one in
which inferential statistics are utilized to
determine the results of the study. Inferential
statistics such as correlation, chi-square,
analysis of variance, etc. are used to test the
hypothesis. This type of research is usually
includes comparison studies, cause and
effect relationships, etc.

5/19/2019 15
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
b. Qualitative research is in which the use of
quantity or statistics is practically nil. It is
especially true in anthropological studies were
description is usually used. Descriptive data
are gathered rather than quantitative data.
8. According to time element.
a. Historical research describes what was.
b. Descriptive research describes what is.
c. Experimental research what will be.

5/19/2019 16