 Data collection: Data can be defined as the

quantitative or qualitative value of a variable.

e.g. number, images, words, figure ,facts or ideas.

 Data are basic inputs to any decision making

process in business. It is one of most important
aspect of any research study.
 PRIMARY DATA
 Primary data is first hand data.

 When the researcher himself is trying to collect

the data for his particular purpose from the
sources available it becomes primary data.

 It has more reliable ,authentic ,and it is a real

time data.

 It is useful for current studies as well as for

future studies.
 Focus group
interview

Primary
research schedule
Case
methods
study

observation Questionnaire
 INTERVIEW:
 This method is a direct method of collection of data,
which is based on interview. It is the most important
methods of collection of data. Through this method we
can know the views and ideas of other person.

 This interview method of collecting data involves oral-

verbal communication where interviewer ask question
and respondent give answer.

 There are two types of interview.

1.Personal interview 2.Telephonic interview.
 INTERVIEW:
 PERSONAL INTERVIEW: Personal interview
is a face to face interaction between the
interviewer & respondent.

 TELEPHONIC INTERVIEW: Telephonic

interviewing a person by means of a telephone.
FOCUS GROUP:
 Focus group discussion is a approximately 6-12
persons guide by a moderator.

 During which group members talk freely and

spontaneously about a certain topic determine by
the researcher .The researcher interest provides
the focus and the group interaction produces
data.
 FOCUS GROUP:
Characteristic of FGD:
 Composed of participants who are similar to each
other.(e.g. homogenous)
 Provide qualitative data.

 Involve skilled, experienced, interested person.

 6-12 participants.

 Session length is under two hours.

CASE STUDY:
 Case study is the method of comprehensive study
of social unit which may be a person ,a family, an
institution , an organization or a community.
 OBSERVATION:
 Observation method is one of the most important
& useful methods of data collection for research
especially in social science and scientists.
 Even in the libraries this method is used to
understand the behavior and attitude of the users.
 Observation means watching carefully.
 All the things , situations we are seeing in our
routine life, are not observations.
 Observation is being done systematically with a
definite purpose. In the process of observation the
observer uses all his sensory organs is an integrated
manner. The observer obtains information about the
world him for a definite purpose.
OBSERVATION:
 Types of observation:
1. Structured observation: The researcher
clearly defines the behaviors to be observed and
the methods by which they will be measured.
2. Unstructured observation: Monitoring the
relevant phenomenon without specifying the
details in advance.
(e.g. a hypothesis to be tested)
3. Disguised observation: Respondents are
unaware of the presence of an observer.
(e.g. hidden camera)
4. Undisguised observation: Respondents are
aware of an observer.
 OBSERVATION:
5. Natural observation: Observing behavior as it
takes place in the environment.
(e.g. observing the behavior of a respondent
eating fast food in a restaurant)

6. contrived observation: Behavior observed in an

artificial environment.
(e.g. laboratory experiment)
 QUESTIONNAIRES:
 This is an important and very popular
method of data collection.
 This is adopted by individuals, organization,
government.
 In this method , a questionnaire is prepared and
sent to respondent by post and mail. It is a set of
questions. The success of this method depends on
the proper drafting of the questions.
 If an investigator sending the question form to
the respondents and respondent himself fills the
form and sends it back the form is called
questionnaire.
 QUESTIONNAIRES:
 Types of questionnaire:
1.Structured /closed ended questionnaire: are based
predominantly on closed questions which produce data can be
analyzed quantitatively for patterns and trends .A closed
question can be answered with either ‘yes’ and ‘no.’
e.g. Do you have a car ?
Yes( )
No ( )
2.Unstructured /open ended questionnaire: are question
where there is no list of answer choices from which to choose
.Respondents are simply asked to write their response to a
question.
e.g. what are the facilities and services do you have
expect from your library?
QUESTIONNAIRES:
Types of questionnaire:
3.Partially questionnaire: take a mixed approach in
some situations you may have a partial list of answer
choice but you may still have some doubt or uncertainty
about other possible response.

e.g. What purpose do you use web based resources?

• for research work
• to write assignment
• to improve subject knowledge
• for the purpose of seminar presentation
Any another please specify 1.
2.
QUESTIONNAIRES:
Types of questionnaire:
4.Contingency questionnaire: a question that is
answered only if the respondent gives a particular
response to a previous question. This avoid asking
questions of people that do not apply to them.

e.g. Do you have computer knowledge?

• Yes ( )
• No ( )
If yes how long have you been using?
• From last 6month ( )
• From 1 year ( )
• From 2 year ( )
• From 3-5year ( )
QUESTIONNAIRES:
Types of questionnaire:

5.Multiple choice questionnaire: can be answered in a

number of ways.

e.g. What is your marital status?

• Married ( )
• Unmarried ( )
• Widow ( )
• Divorced ( )
QUESTIONNAIRES:
• Decide the information
1 required
• Define the target
2 respondent
• Choose the method
3
• Decide the question content
4
• Develop the question wording
5
• Put question into a
6 meaningful
• Check the length of the
7 question

• Pre test the questionnaire

8
• Develop the final survey
9 form
QUESTIONNAIRES:
 Decide the information required: The first step
is to decide what are the things one needs to know from the
respondent in order to meet the survey’s objective?

 Define the target respondent: at the out set ,the

researcher must define the population about which he/ she
wishes to generalize from the sample data to be collected.

 Choose the methods of reaching your target

respondent:
1.Personal interview
2.Group or focus interview
3.Mailed questionnaire
4.Telephone interview
QUESTIONNAIRES:
 Decide the question content: researcher must
always be prepared to ask is this question really needed?
There are only 2 occasions when seemingly redundant
might be included:
1. Opening questions that are easy to answer.
2.“Dummy” question can disguise the purpose of that
survey or the sponsorship of the study.

 Develop the question wording: It provide the

respondent the an easy method of indicating his answer
he does not have to think about how to articulate his
answer. It permits the respondent to specify the answer
categories most suitable for their purpose.
QUESTIONNAIRES:
 Put question into a meaningful order &
format:
1. Opening questions
2. Question flow
3.Question variety
4.Closing question

 Check the length of the questionnaire : In

general it is best for a questionnaire to be short as
possible.
A long questionnaire leads to along interview and this is
open to the dangers of boredom on the part of
respondent.
QUESTIONNAIRES:
 Pre test the questionnaire:
Test the questionnaire on a small sample of your subject
first this is possible at least it on colleagues or friends.
The aim here to detect any flows in your question and
correct these prior to main survey.

 Develop the final survey form : It means

designed questionnaire will be administered among the
selected sample respondent to the study .
 SCHEDULE:
 Very similar to the questionnaire.
 The main difference is that a schedule is filled by the
enumerator who is specially appointed for the
purpose.
 Enumerators goes to the respondent, asks them the
question from the Performa in the order listed, and
records the responses in the space provided.
SECONDARY DATA
 Secondary data is second hand data.
 Secondary data are those data which have been
already collected and analyzed by some earlier agency
for is own use and later the same data are used by a
different agency.
 It involves less time ,effort and cost .

 There are two types of secondary data:

1.Published data
2.Unpublished data
 Reports of
Semi-govt committees
&commissions
published

Published
research Private
publication
journals methods

Newspaper
libraries & magazines
 PUBLISHED DATA:
 They collect the statistical data in different fields like
national income ,population, prices wages etc. These
reports are published basis annually, monthly, quarterly
,weekly and so on.

 Semi-Govt publications; are municipalities, district

boards and other also publish reports in respect of birth,
death ,education and many other related fields
 PUBLISHED DATA:
 Private publication : Some commercial and research
institutes publish report regularly. They are like institute
of economic growth ,stock exchange, national council of
education research and training.
 Reports of committees and commissions: central Govt
. or state govt. sometimes appoint committees and
commissions on matters of great importance reports of
such committees are great significance as they provide
invaluable secondary data.
 Newspaper & magazines: various newspaper as well as
magazines also do collect data in respect of many social
and economic aspects.
 UNPUBLISHED DATA:
 When the data are collected by someone but which are
not published and are taken by other persons for his
investigation they are also unpublished secondary data.
 E.g. 1. Reports of trade unions

2. Cooperative societies, reports prepared by private

investigation companies etc.
 PRIMARY SECONDARY
DATA DATA
Real time data Past data

Sure about source of data Not sure about of sources of

data

Help to give results /finding Refining the problem

Avoid biasness of response Can not know in data

data biasness or not

More flexible Less flexible

Costly and time consuming Cheap and no time

consuming process
 DATA PROCESSING:
 The data after collection ,has to be prepared for
analysis.
 Collected data is raw and it must undergo some
processing before analysis.
 The result of the analysis are affected a lot by the form
of the data.
 So, proper data processing is must to get reliable result.
 OBJECTIVE DATA PROCESSING:

 Checking the questionnaire and schedules.

 Reduction of mass data to manageable proportion .

 Sum up the materials so as to prepare tables, charts,

graphs and various groupings and breakdowns for
presenting the result .
 Minimizing the errors which may creep in at various
stage of the survey’s.
TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING:

Manual Data processing

Batch Data processing
Mechanical Data processing
Electronic Data processing
Real –time Data processing
 TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING:
1.Manual Data Processing:
 Involves human intervention.
 Implies many chances for errors, such as delays in data
capture high amount of operator misprint.
 Implies higher labor expenses in regards to spending for
equipment and supplies , rent, etc.
2.Electronic Data Processing :
o Processing of data by use of computer and its
programs
 TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING:
3.Mechanical Data Processing :
 Different calculations and processing are performed
using mechanical machines like calculation etc.
 The use of mechanical machines make

data processing easier and less time consuming.

 The chances of errors also become

less than manual data processing.

 TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING:
 Real time data Processing: There is a continual
input process and output of data.
 Data has to be processed in a small stipulated time
period(real time).
 e.g. when a bank customer withdraws a sum of money
from his or her account it is vital that the transaction
be processed and the account balance updated as soon
as possible.
 TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING:
 Batch Processing: In a batch processing group of
transactions collected over a period of time is collected,
entered, processed and then the batch results are
produced.
 Batch processing requires separate programs for inputs
,process and outputs .
 It is an efficient way of processing high volume of data.

 e.g. Payroll system, examination system, billing

system
IMPORTANT STEPS IN
DATA PROCESSING:
QUESTIONNAIRE CHECKING:
 When the data is collected through questionnaire, the
first step of data process is to check the questionnaire if
they are accepted or not.
 Not accepted if:

 Gives the impression that respondent could not

understand the question .
 Incomplete partially or fully.

 Answered by a person who has inadequate knowledge.

 DATA EDITING:
 Process of examining the data collected in
questionnaire /schedules.
 To detect errors and omissions.
 To correct these when possible.
 To make sure the schedules are ready for tabulation.
 Editor is responsible for seeing that the data are:
 Accurate as possible.
 Consistent with other facts secured.
 Uniformly entered.
 As complete as possible
 Acceptable for tabulation and arranged to facilitate coding
tabulation
TYPES OF DATA EDITING:
• Data from complete
Editing for
• Free of bias,errors,inconsistency
quality and dishonesty.

• Modifications to facilitate
Editing for tabulation
tabulation • Ignoring extremely high /low

• Translating or rewriting.
Field editing

central
• Working &replacement
Editing
 CODING:
 Process of assigning numerals or other symbols to
answers so that responses can be put into limited number
of categories or classes.
 Translating answers into numerical values or assigning
numbers to the various categories of a variables to be
used in analysis.
 Coding is done by using a code book, code sheet, and a
computer card.
 Coding is done on the basis of the instructions given in
the codebook
 Codebook gives a numerical code for each variables.
 CODING:
 Codebook contains instructions and the necessary
information about variables in the data set.
 A codebook generally contains the following
information.
1.Colum number
2.Variables number
3.Variable name
4.Record number
5.Question number
6.Instruction number
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA:
 The process of arranging the primary data in a
definite pattern and presenting it in a systematic
way.
 The crude data obtained from experiment or
survey is classified according to their properties.
 Classification can be done by qualitatively or
quantitatively.
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA:

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION

 Geographical

 Chronological

 Qualitative(Acc.
To attribute)
GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION :
 Data are classified by location of occurrence
 e.g. data relating to the number of firms
producing washing machine in India would be
classified as

PLACE NO.OF FIRMS

CHANDIGARH 100

HARYANA 250

JALANDHAR 200

DELHI 350
CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION :
 Data are classified by time of occurrence of the
observation events.
 e.g. sales of firms in different year will be
classified as:

YEAR SALES
LAKH(TONES
2015 18

2016 25

2017 20
2018 35
QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION :
ACCORDING TO ATTRIBUTE
 Data are classified according to some quality
such as religion , literacy , gender, occupation etc.
 Simple classification: it is made into 2 classes
such as classification .

population

urban rural
 QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION :
ACCORDING TO ATTRIBUTE
o Manifold classification: it is made into 2 or more
than attribute such as classification .

population

males females

literate illiterate literate illiterate

unmarri unmarri unmarri

married ed
married
ed
married
ed
QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION :
 Data are classified on the basis of the
characteristics which can be measured such as
age, income, marks, height, weight, sales etc , it
is called quantitative.
 e.g.
Marks No of students
0-10 18

10-20 25

20-30 20

30-40 35
 TABULATION:
 Process of systematic and recording of long series of
data for further analysis and interpretation into rows
and columns.
 It is concise , logical, orderly arrangement of data in a
columns and row.
TABULATION:
Objective
 To carry out investigations.
 To do comparisons.

 To locate omissions and errors in the data.

 To use space economically.

 To study the trend.

 To simplify data.

 To use it as future references.

TABULATION:
Rules of tabulation.
 The table should suit the size of the paper and
therefore, the width of the column should be
decided before hand.
 Number of columns and rows should neither be
too large nor too small.
 As far as possible figures should be approximated
before tabulation . This would reduce
unnecessary details,
 Items should be arranged either in alphabetical,
chronological or geographical, order or according
to size .
 TABULATION:
Rules of tabulation.
 The sub- total and total of the items of the table
must be written.
 Percentages are given in the tables if necessary.

 Ditto marks should not be used in a table

because sometimes it create confusion.
 Table should be simple and attractive,

 A table should be logical, well-balanced in length

and breadth and the comparable columns should
be placed side by side.
 For large data more than one table may be used.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:
 Graphs help to understand the data easily.
 A single picture is worth a thousand words so goes a
common saying.
 The non statistical minded people also easily
understands the data and compares them.

 Most common graphs are:

1.Qualitative = bar charts & pie chart .
2. Quantitative= histogram .
REPRESENTATION OF QUALITATIVE:
 Bar diagram : consist of equally spaced vertical (or
horizontal) rectangular bars of equal width placed on a
common horizontal (or vertical) base line.
 Types of bar chart:

 1. simple bar 2. component bar 3.multiple bar

REPRESENTATION OF QUALITATIVE:
 Pie -chart : circular diagram divided into segments and each
segment represent frequency in a category.

60%
10%

75%
55%

40% 85%

 Types of pie chart:

 1. pictogram 2. line 3.cartogram
REPRESENTATION OF QUALITATIVE:
Cartogram
Pictogram
REPRESENTATION OF QUALITATIVE:
REPRESENTATION OF QUANTITATIVE:
 Histogram: graphical representation of a set of
continuously drawn.

 Most popular graph for continuous variable

 1.frequency polygon
REPRESENTATION OF QUANTITATIVE:
 Histogram
 Most popular graph for continuous variable:

Time Plot
REPRESENTATION OF QUANTITATIVE:

Frequency curve
 DATA CLEANING:
 Includes consistency checks and treatment of missing
responses made during editing the checks at this stage
are more through and extensive because they are made by
computer.
 Computer packages like SPSS ,SAS, EXCEL and
MINITAB can be programmed to identify out of range
values for each variable.
 DATA ADJUSTING:
 Data adjusting is not always necessary but it may
improve the quality of analysis sometimes.