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Gas
Oil
Water
Exploration and Production : Seismic Surveys
•Seismic surveys are used to locate likely rock structures
underground in which oil and gas might be found
• Shock waves are fired into the ground. These bounce off layers
of rock and reveal any structural domes that might contain oil
We’ve just established what kind of structures tend to trap oil and gas in the Earth’s
crust, but how do we locate potential traps underground? One technique is to use
seismic surveys. In this technique, a Vibrator Truck fires shock waves into the
ground. The shock waves pass through some rock layers and bounce off others. By
recording how long it takes for the shock waves to arrive back at the surface allows
geologist to build a picture of the internal structure of the rocks beneath their feet.
An example of a seismic survey is shown in the diagram on the right. It reveals a
large underground dome in the rocks. As we have seen domes often trap oil and gas
so this may be a potential site to drill.
notes: The term seismic is derived from the Greek for “shake” (think earthquakes!)
Industry ‘Technological’ Milestones
1883: Anticlinal theory (where to drill)
2D Seismic Line
Gulf of Mexico (offshore)
Industry ‘Technological’ Milestones
1883: Anticlinal theory (where to drill)
1914: Seismograph invented (remote sensing)
1920s: Introduction of rotary drilling (well control, environment)
Rotary Drilling Rig Schematic
Large Land Drilling Rig
Industry ‘Technological’ Milestones
MR@Aug2008
PETROLEUM SYSTEM ELEMENTS
- DEFINITION
• Source Rock - A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone organic
matter
• Seal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move
effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)
Source: AAPG
MJH@Mac2007
The elements
Overburden
Overburden
Seal layer
Reservoir layer
GOC
OWC
Segments Reservoirs
Increases Tortuosity of
Fluid Flow
Heterogeneity May
Result From:
Depositional Features
Diagenetic Features
Fractures