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Tall buildings
Tall buildings
• Resonant dynamic response for along- and cross-wind very significant (> 100
metres)
(‘Rule-of-thumb’ first mode frequency : 46/h Hertz (h in metres) )
N-S Y
1.0 (N-S)
wind
D 3
2
x10
Uh a
0.5 X
E- (E-W)
x
W x
x
0 10x 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Wind
pressure
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (minutes)
• Cladding pressures :
Cp (t)
ˆ Cp
C p
C p
C p
Time
0.8
1.8
minimum maximum
Tall buildings
-0.45 -0.45
-1.4 -1.4
-0.4
-1.2
-0.35
-0.1
-1.6 -1.6
mean Cp’s :
-0.35 to -0.45
D s (t ) dt
T n
s(t) is stress; T is total time over which it acts; n is a high power (15 to 20)
Tall buildings
E{D} KT ( U ) C p f Cp (C p )dC p
1 2 m
2 0
Glass testing is usually carried out with a linearly increasing ‘ramp’ load :
pmax
load failure
time
m
pmax .t
m
60 60.p max
D K dt K
0
60 (1 m)
ASCE-7 (6.5.9.3) requires glazing above 18.3 m above ground level, and
over 9.2m above gravel source, to be protected
cross wind
along wind
ky
σy ρ U 1
A y a h cross wind
h ρ b n1b η
2
Y
10 0
x sx
5 h
-1
10
5
2 3 5 7 10 15
1
Tall buildings
Peak deflection
.003
Direction of motion
height
.002
.001
0
30 50 100 500 1000
Return period/years
Two mechanisms :
0.2
0.1
• Interference effects
increases
Building A
Y
increases 4b
Wind direction
V (X,Y) 3b
+30%
0% +10% 2b
+20% +10% -20% +20%
0% b
-10%
X
b
10b 8b 6b 4b 2b -2b
Building B
decreases
• Damping
xt
1 0.014n1 470 0.0018 reinforced concrete
h
xt
1 0.013n1 400 0.0029 steel frame
h
• Damping
Auxiliary damping :
Viscoelastic damper :
F/2 F/2
Steel flange
V.E. material
Centreplate
Auxiliary damping :
y 1 (t) y 2 (t)
K1
K2
C1
M1 C2
M2
• Damping
Auxiliary damping :
2R
• Damping
Auxiliary damping :
Flow
Orifice
John Holmes
225-405-3789 JHolmes@lsu.edu