NORTH ORISSA UNIVERSITY

Dr. SUKANTA KU. NAYAK

(READER)
1. INTRODUCTION

2. WATER CONTAMINATION AND IT`S CAUSES

3. IMPORTANCE OF CLEANING WATER

4. TYPES OF REMEDIATIONS

5. NANOTECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION

6.WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY ?

7.MECHANISM OF WATER TREATMENT

8.NANOTECHNOLOGICAL WATER REMEDIATION IN INDIA

9.CONCLUSION

10.REFERENCE
Water is the most important or essential substance for the
existence of life on earth and a source of evolution for human
civilization.

 Water is distributed on the earth`s surface unevenly .Only 3%

of water on the earth`s surface is fresh .The remaining 97%
resides in the ocean. Of the fresh water , 69% resides the glaciers
, 30% as underground water and less than 1% is located in lakes,
rivers and swamps.

Water can contaminated by various gasses,various sources

such as residential areas,commercial , Industries , agriculture by
which it is unsuitable for use.
WATER CONTAMINATION AND ITS CAUSES -
The contamination of water bodies ,usually as a result of human activity.

Water bodies include for example lakes ,rivers, oceans ,aquifers and
groundwater.

Water contamination /pollution results when contaminants are

introduced to the environments.
IMPORTANT CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION :-

 SWEAGE AND WASTE WATER :- Sweage,garbage and liquid waste of households ,

agricultural lands and factories are discharged in to lakes and rivers . These wastes contain
harmful chemicals and toxins which make the water poisonous for aquatic animals and plants.

DUMPING :- Dumping of solid wastes and litters in water bodies causes huge
problems.Litters include glass,plastic ,aluminium,styrofoam etc.They affect aquatic plants and
animals.

 INDUSTRIAL WASTES:- Industrial wastes contains pollutants like asbestos

,lead,mercury and petrochemicals which are extremly harmful to both people and environment.

 OIL POLLUTION:- Sea water gets polluted due to oil spilled from ships and tankers while
traveling .The spilled oil does not dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge polluting the water.

 ACID RAIN:-Acid rain is pollution of water caused by air pollution . when the acidic
particles caused by air pollution in the atmosphere mix with water vapour ,it results in acid rain.

 GLOBAL WARMING:- Due to global warming , there is an increase in water temperature

. This increase in temperature results in death of aquatic plants and animals. This also results in
bleaching of coral reefs in water.

 EUTROPHICATION:- Eutrophication is an increased level of nutrients in water bodies .

This result in bloom of algae in water . It also depletes the oxygen in water ,which negatively
affects fish and other aquatic animal population.
IMPORTANCE OF WATER PURIFICATION:-
 LOWER CANCER RISK :- Chemicals and other toxic materials which
present in the water sources increases the risk of getting some types of cancers.
Eliminating these through water purification might help to lower the risk of
getting cancer .

IMPROVED FLAVOR :- Some contaminants affect the flavor of drinking water

by giving it a metalic taste or another unpleasent taste. Purifing water helps to get
rid of these contaminants which can improve the flavor of drinking water without
having to boil it.

REDUCED CHLORINE LEVELS :- Chlorine causes serious health issues

like higher risk of cancer , cardiovascular problems , asthama , birth defect .
Through the water purification we can reduce the leve of chlorine in drinking water
.

LOWER BACTERIA LEVELS :- E.Coli and other bacteria which are

present in drinking water might cause mild symptoms ,such as nausea, other
bacteria causes lower immunity in children and older adults.

HEALTHEIR FOODS AND BEVERAGES:- Purified water can be used for

other purposes such as rinsing of vegetables , preparing meals and brewing
coffee or tea . This can help your foods and beverages taste fresher and provide
peace of mind that what you eat and drink is free of potentially harmful
contaminants.
TYPES OF WATER REMEDIATION:-
1. AERATION:- It is the process in which the
water comes in contact with air through which
the it removes undesirable gases like Co2 ,H2S
etc.
 Mostly it is useful for removal of odourness of
waste water .
2. COAGULATION :- Addition of For Ex. Artificial fish
coagulating agents ( aluminium sulfate and aquariums
iron sulfate) is known as coagulation. containing
 After adding coagulants in the water it causes aerators (air filters
the agglomeration (clamping) and sediments or air pumps) that
the solid particles . purifies water by
mixing oxygen
with it which are
taken by outside
environment.
3. FLOCCULATION:- It is the
process in which the water
flows into a tank with paddles or
big fans that provide
high,medium and slow speed
mixing and bring the small
particles together to form larger
particles called flocs.
- Once large flocs are formed that
can easily settle out in a
classifier or be filtered.
4.SEDIMENTATION:-
Sedimentation is a physical water
treatment process using gravity ,that when
water loses energy and slows down
,sediment can no longer be carried in it .

-The particles fall through the water to

form a layer of sediment on the bottom of
a river ,a lake ,ocean or small water
streams.
- After all the sedimentation depends upon
the size of the sediments.

All these types of processes are useful in water remediation but

through these we can not remove microbes and chemical
contaminants which are present in water primarily.
NANOTECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION :-

 Water purification using nanotechnology exploits

nanoscopic materials which can be used for removal of
sediments ,chemical effluents ,charged particles , bacteria and
other pathogens .

 They explain that the toxic trace elements such as arsenic

,and viscous liquid impurities such as oil can also be remove
usingnanotechnology.
Nanotechnology is the
manipulation of matter or an
atomic ,molecular and
supramolecular scale . As well as
known as “ nanoscale technology
“to reffer the broad range of
research and applications whose
common trait is size.

The nanotechnology has a great

potential in enhancing water and
waste water remediation which
offers potential advantages
efficient in removing and
recovering the pollutants.

At the nanometers number scale,

which is about 1 to 100 nano (nm)
To remove pollutants from waste water for its recycling.

To promote health and public hygiene.

To preserve aquatic life and wild life habitat.

To promote recreation and quality of life.

 DEVELOPMENTAL
NANOMATERIALS APPLICATIONS STAGES

-CNTs Pollutant removal by Primarily lab scale

-Zeolites adsorption and pilot scale
-Metal-oxides ,prototype
commercial
products.

-Ag(silver) Disinfection for Primarily lab scale

-TiO2 drinking water or and pilot scale
-MgO waste water. ,prototype
commercial
products.

-nZVI(nano zero Pollutant Primarily lab scale

valent ion) degradation by and pilot scale .
-Au(gold) chemical reduction
-TiO2 or photocatalysis
NANOSORPTION

NANO FILTRATION

NANOCATALYSIS
  NANOSORPTION:-

• Nanosorption happens by nano-sorbents

which have very highspecific absorption
capacity for removal of organic
contaminants from polluted water.

•Carbon nano tubes (CNTs) have ability to

be attached with a funtional group( i.e.
Carboxylic,hydroxyl,amide etc) to increase
the affinity towards the target molecules.
A MULTI LAYERED CARBON NANO
•The hexagonal arrays of carbon atoms TUBE(CNT)
which are present in CNTs surface have a
strong interaction with other molecules or
•Nanosorbents are used as
atoms which makes CNTs a promissing
powder,beads or porous granules
adsorbent material.
•Although some nano scale metal
oxide like iron oxides,Titanium dioxide
are also capable of removing both
organics and heavy metals .
 NANOFILTRATION:-

It’s a pressure (osmotic) driven membrane

separation process.

Membranes contains nanofibres which can

remove micro-size particles from polluted water .

Antimicrobial nano materials such as silver(Ag)

is doped on polymeric membranes and filters
water to separate microbes,inorganic ions
(Ca,Na),viruses,herbicides,pesticides etc.

The membrane nanotechnology has focused on

creating multifunctional membranes by adding
nanomaterials (nanocomposite membrane).

The addition of metal oxide nano particles are

helps in ultra filtration.
F
The clay filters are the good example of nanofiltration in which silver nanoparticles are
used for the water purification of water .

 The American Red Cross produced the clay filter in

srilanka in january 2007 and has distributed

Women at a pottery factory apply a coating of colloidal

silver ,a strong antibacterial agent ,to a clay pot that will
go into a water filter distributed by the American Red
Cross.
 NANOCATALYSIS:-

•Nanocatalysis is a rapidly growing field which

involves the use of nanomaterials as nano catalysts .

•Silver (ag) and zinc oxide (zno) nanoparticles

catalysts have been which is highly effecient for
degradation of microbial contaminants in water and
are reusable as well.

•It enhances the reactivity and degradation of

environmental contaminants such as organochlorine
pesticides, herbicides,azo dyes etc.
NANOTECHNOLOGICAL REMEDIATION OF WATER
IN INDIA :-
• Vijaymohanan Pillai ,a nanomaterials expert at the National
Chemical Laboratory in Pune, pointed out that it is very rare for an
Indian company to exploit a home-grown nanotechnology.

• Most big companies in India look abroad for collaboration and

scalling up nanoparticle production is also very difficult.

• But after all difficulties of three years , Eureka forbes (consumers

good making company, mumbai )can now able to make four tonnes
of silver nanoparticles in a month which helps in water purifiers
i.e. aqua guard water filters and portable water bottles.
 WATER FILTER BY EUREKA
PORTABLE NANOTECH - BASED
FORBES
WATER BOTTLE (contains carbon
nanotubes)
 DRAWBACKS :-

There are several types of drawbacks which proves that

nanotechnology is not only useful but it also have some
troubles :-

1. The process of manufacturing nanomaterials results in the release of certain

waste products .

2. They can float in air or even penetrate animal and plants which causes diseases.

3. The wastes generate during manufacture of nanomaterials can be reffered to as

nanopollution .These waste materials accumulate in the environment.

4. if the nanomaterials enters to the body of an animal or human through

inhalation it can causes lung inflammation and severe heart problems.

5. The researchers found that silver nanoparticles(200nm) had a toxic effect on cells
which suppress the cellular growth and multiplication and causes cell death.
Nanotechnologies have made great improvements for handling
water contamination problems .

Nanotechnology based treatments has offered very efficient

,durable,and eco friendly approaches .

The methods are less time and energy consuming with very less
waste generations .

However certain precautions are to be taken to avoid any threat

to human health or environment due to the nanoparticles .
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