Studying Translation Peoduct and Process by Atiq, M. Phil Scholar University of Gujrat

STUDYING TRANSLATION PEODUCT
AND PROCESS
by
Atiq, M. Phil Scholar
University of Gujrat
AIM
- VINAY AND DARBELNET’s TAXONOMY
BASED ON CLASSICAL MODEL
- CATFORD’s LINGUISTIC APPROACH WHICH
INTRODUCES TRANSLAION SHIFTS
- COGNITIVE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION
VINAY AND DARBELNET’s MODEL
- VINAY AND DARBELNET’s TAXONOMY

BASED ON CLASSICAL MODEL
- CATFORD’s LINGUISTIC APPROACH WHICH

INTRODUCES TRANSLAION SHIFTS
BASIS
-COMPARATIVE STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF FRENCH
AND ENGLISH
- IDENTIFIED DIFFERENT TRANSLATION STARTEGIES
- BASIS FOR FREANCH GERMAN TRANSLATION

TRANSLATION
DIRECT OBLIQUE
TRANSLATION
DIRECT OBLIQUE
Transposition Equivalence
Borrowing Calque
Modulation Adptation
Literal translation
BORROWINNG
Fill the
SL gap TL
Examples: Sammosa, hooka, sheesha

DIRECT TRANSLATION
SL
CALQUE SL EXPRESSION /
EXPRESSION/STRUC TL
STRUCTURE
TURE
French ‘Compliment de la Saison’

Becomes
English ‘Compliments of the Season’
DIRECT TRANSLATION
LITERAL TRANSLATION (Word-for-word)
Same Family / Culture
Urdu Pushto English

Kia Haal hey? Sanga Haal dey? How are you?
DIRECT TRANSLATION
CONDITIONS FOR UNACCEPTABLE LITERAL TRANSLATION
-DIFFERENT MEANING
- NO MEANING
- IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR STRUCTURAL REASONS
- LACKS CORRESPONDING EXPRESSION WITHIN TL
- DIFFERENT LEVEL OF LANGUAGE
LEVELS OF LANGUAGE
BOTTON-UP APPROACH TO LINGUISTIC
ANALYSIS
OBLIQUE TRANSLATION (Slanting / Indirect)
TRANSPOSITION
(Interchange)
ONE PART OF SPEECH ANOTHER PART OF SPEECH

(GRAMMAR) (GRAMMAR)
'a red car’ ' ‫سيارة حمراء‬
SENSE REMAINS THE SAME

OBLIQUE TRANSLATION
TRANSPOSITION
OBLIGATORY OPTIONAL
Upon hearing As soon as she got up ‘as soon as ‘upon

she got up’ hearing’
OBLIQUE TRANSLATION
MODULATION
(to regulate / adjust)
Semantic change /
point of view
Obligatory OPTIONAL
‘the time ‘the ‘It’s not difficult to

when’ moment show’ ‘It’s easy to
where’ show’
OBLIQUE TRANSLATION
COMPARISON
MODULATION TRANSPOSITION
- Preferred - A good command of TL

- changes semantics - the most common
- changes point of view - correct grammatical utterance
- touchstone of good translation BUT
Unidiomatic / awkward
OBLIQUE TRANSLAION
DIVISION OF MODULATION AT MESSAGE LEVEL
- ABSTRACT FOR CONCRETE
- CAUSE AND EFFECT
- PART – WHOLE ‫ ' اليد ال عاملة‬for 'workers'
- REVERSAL OF TERMS
- NEGATION OF OPPOSITE ‘It’s difficult’ for ‘It’s not easy’
- ACTIVE TO PASSIVE
- SPACE FOR TIME
- RETHINKING OF INTERVALS / LIMITS (in space / time)
- CHANGE OF SYMBOL (including fixed & new metaphor)
Example: free modulation fixed expression

You’v e escaped beautifully. You’ve had a narrow escape.
OBLIQUE TRANSLATION
EQUIVALENCE
(especially for proverbs / idioms)
same situation / different stylistics,

structural means
- Pride hath a fall. - Ghuroor ka sar neechey hota hey.

- Unity is strength. - ittefaq mein barkat hey.
- if winter comes, can spring - ????????
be far behind.
OBLIQUE TRANSLATION
ADAPTATION
SOURCE CULTURAL REFERNCE TARGET CULTURAL

REFERENCE
- Football in Europe - Soccer / rugby in North America
- Cricket in England - Tour de’ France
DIRECT / OBLIQUE TRANSLATION
LEXICON
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE
MESSAGE
(Utterance / metalinguistic
situation/ context)
Two Additional Level
Terms above Word
DISCOURSE MARKERS (however,
first etc)
CONNECTORS DEIXIS (pronouns / demonstratives)

PUNCTUATIONS
IMPORTANT PARAMETERS
SERVITUDE OPTIONAL
- Non obligatory change

Transposition Modulation - translator’s own preferences/ style
- realm of stylistics
Due to difference b/w - translator’s main focus
language system - select available option to convey
message
STEPS FOR TRANSLATION
Identify unit of translation
Examine ST text (descriptive /

effective / intellectual)
FIVE STEPS FROM SS TO TT Reconstruct metaphorical context
Evaluate stylistic effects
Produce / revise TT
STRATEGY ADOPTED BY VINAY & DARBELNET
- Followed the 1st four steps
- Rejected the individual word as unit of translation
- Combined lexicological unit / unit of thought
- unit of thought “the smallest segment of utterance
whose signs are linked in such a way that they
should not be translated individually”
- Numbered the translation units in ST & TT
- Save numbered units can be compared to see the
adapted translation procedure
CATFORD AND TRANSLATION
SHIFTS
ORIGIN OF TERM TRANSLATION SHIFTS

A LINGUISTIC THEORY OF TRANSLATION - 1965
CATFORD AND TRANSLATION SHIFTS
BASIS
Communicative function of source language items
TRANSLATION SHIFTS
“are departures from formal correspondence in the
process of going from the SL to TL”
INFLUENCE ON CATFORD
Influenced by Frithian and Hallidean Linguistic Model
FRITHIAN / HALLIDEAN MODEL
LANGUAGE
communicates Operates Different levels Ranks

functionally in
context
phonology graphology grammar lexis
sentence clause group morpheme

word
TRANSLATION
FORMAL CORRESPONDENCE TEXTUAL EQUIVALENT
PARTICULAR OCCASION
EQUIVALENT ON A
SL CATEGORY SL TEXT / TL TEXT /
Unit, class, TL CATEGORY PORTION PORTION
structure etc
General system-based Particular tied to particular

concept ST-TT pair
Departure from formal correspondence textual equivalent
TRANSLATION SHIFT
TRANSLATION SHIFTS
LEVEL SHIFT CATEGORY SHIFT
- Grammar of one language = Lexis of another language

Russian igrat’ English ‘to play’
Russian sigrat’ English ‘to finish playing’
- French conditional ‘three English ‘three tourists have
tourists would have been been reported killed’
killed’
TRANSLATION SHIFTS
LEVEL SHIFT CATEGORY SHIFT
INTRA SYSTEM
STRUCTURAL CLASS UNIT RANK Selection of non-
-Shift in grammar One part of Translation corresponding term
- structure speech to other equivalent in TL in TL system in overall
at different rank corresponding
to SL SL-TL systems
RANK
Hierarchical linguistic units of clause, group, word and morpheme
EFFECTS OF CATFORD’s BOOK
- Translation in linguistics in a systematic fashion
- Represents growing interest in machine translation
- Last chapter of the limits of translatability is quite
important (1984)
- Carries historical academic interest
- Translation equivalence depends on communicative
features (function, situation, culture) not on formal
linguistic criteria
CRITICISM / CHALLENGES
- STATIC CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS BASIS
CL as “the systematic synchronic study of similarities and differences in the structure and use
of two or more language varieties, carried out for theoretical or practical purposes.”
Bugarski 1991:77)
- HIS EXAMPLES ARE IDEALIZED (NOT TAKEN FROM

REAL LIFE)
- DECONTEXTUALIZED EXAMPLES
- DOES NOT LOOK AT WHOLE TEXT NOT EVEN ABOVE
SENTENCE LEVEL
CRITICISM / CHALLENGES
Snell-Hornby (1988):
- Catford's definition of textual equivalence is 'circular'
- his theory's reliance on bilingual informants 'hopelessly inadequate', and his example
sentences 'isolated and even absurdly simplistic'
- the concept of equivalence in translation is an illusion
- the translation process cannot simply be reduced to a linguistic exercise, since there are also
other factors: textual, cultural and situational aspects, which should be taken into
consideration when translating
-linguistics is NOT the only discipline which enables people to carry out a translation, since
translating involves different cultures and different situations at the same time and they do
not always match from one language to another
CZECH WRITING ON TRANSLATION SHIFTS
JER’I LEVY
- Literary aspect / expressive function / style of text
- Linked with Prague School of Structural Linguistics
LEVY’s STRATEGY
- Surface structure of ST and TT
- Gave particular attention to poetry translation
CONCLUSIONS
- Literary translation = reproductive + creative labour
- Goal of literary translation – produce equivalent
aesthetic effect
LEVY’s CATEGORIZATION
FEATURES OF TEXT REQUIRING EQUIVALENCE
Denotative Connotation Stylistic Syntax Sound

meaning arrangement repetition
system (Rhythm)
POINTS TO REMEMBER
- Their importance depends on
type of text Vowel length Articulation
- Vowel length / articulation are In linguistics, vowel
invariable in dubbing length is the
perceived duration
- denotative meaning must not of a vowel sound.
vary in technical text
IMPORTANCE OF LEVY’s WORK
- Crucial for development of translation theory in
Czechoslovakia and internationally
- A paper ‘Translation as decision process’ (1967) had
important impact relating ‘gradual semantic
shifting’ of translator’s choices to game theory
- For Levy real world translation work is pragmatic
solutions which promises a maximum of effect with
a minimum of effort. That is to say, he intuitively
resolves for the so-called MINIMAX STRATEGY’
(Levy 1967/2000:156)
FRANTISEK MIKO THEORETICL ASPECTS AND ‘SHIFTS
OF EXPRESSION or STYLE IN TRANSLATION’
Retaining the expressive character / style of ST is the
main and perhaps only goal of translator
ANALYSIS OF STYLE
Operativity Subjectivity prominence
Iconicity Affectation Contrast

Correspondence
b/w form and
meaning
ANTON POPVIC – 1970 0N SHIFTS OF EXRESSION
‘An example of the shifts of expression, applied to all

levels of the text, will bring to light the general
system of the translation, with its dominant and
subordinate elements’
ANTON POPVIC – 1970 0N SHIFTS OF EXRESSION
Anton Popvic and Levy relate shift to ‘literal vs free’
debate
Original effort
Literal vs free is the result of

tension / conscious effort to
Faithful aesthetic product
‘adequacy of translation’ is faithfulness to the original’ and stylistic

equivalence in translation’ Popovic’s Dictionary of the Analysis of Literary (1976)
Popovic ‘STYLISTIC EQUIVALENCE’ = functional equivalence of elements in

both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an
invariant of identical meaning
COGNITIVE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION
INTERPRETIVE MODEL OF
DANICA SELESKOVITCH AND
MARIANNE LEDERER
TRANSLATION SHIFTS COGNITIVE PROCESS

- Compares ST—TT pairs -Based on cognitive processes
- Analyses and identifies of observations / analysis /
changes explanation of translator

- Analyses the product -Two pronged strategy
- Limitation to tell about the - Roger Bell says that it focuses
actual process on description of process

- Focus on translation
INTERPRETIVE PROCESS MODEL
Reading / Understanding De-verbalization Re-expression
Linguistic World
competence knowledge
(Lederer)
Implicit / explicit
meaning
Encyclopedic
To recover De-verbalized Theoretical General Cultural
authorial meaning
INTERPRETIVE MODEL (Reading – Understanding)
Translators are PRIVILGED READERS called on to understand the facts
in a text and to feel its emotional connotations. That’s why translators
do not feel equally close to all texts.
DEVERBALIZATION (Lederer)
- Essential intermediate phase to avoid trans-coding / calques
- An explanation to explain cognitive processing of interpreter
- Transfer through sense not words
- Less obvious in translation
RE-EXPRESSION
- TT is constituted / given form based on deverbalized understanding
of sense
VERIFICATION 4TH PHASE BY JEAN DELISLE -1982
Translator revisits / evaluates TT
DRAWBACKS OF INTERPRETIVE MODEL
- Deverbalization is underdeveloped theoretically
- If deverbalization occurs in non-verbal state in the

mind, how we can gain access to it
RELEVANCE THEORY
BY
SPERBER AND WILSON - 1986
BASIS (Ernest – August Gutt – 1991)
Translation is communication based on cause-effect
model of inferencing / interpretation.
Successful communication
Communicative clues
Receiver informative intention
Inference
Optimally relevant stimulus (words, gestures etc)
Receiver derives adequate contextual effects
No unnecessary effort by receiver

RELEVANCE THEORY
Whether / how to communicate

informative intention
Translator’s responsibilities Whether translate descriptively /

based on evaluation of interpretively
receiver’s cognitive
environment
What degree of resemblance to ST

RELEVANCE THEORY
Translator’s
intention
ust
of
/recei ator
assum basic
ver m
blance
ption
What is important for

Transl
share
translator to succeed?
resem
Receiver’s
expectation
ROGER BELL MODEL OF TRANSLATION PROCESS
Modeled on linguistic
concepts
Semantic Discourse Psycholinguistic

structure analysis processing
analysis
Modality Cohesion Transitivity

what allows speakers Cohesion is the Grammatical
to attach expressions grammatical and lexical relationship encoding
of belief, attitude and linking within a text or the distinctness of
obligation to sentence that holds a participants in a
statements. text together and gives situation described by
it meaning. the clause
Translation process
analysis
synthesis
At 3 levels At 3 levels
syntax, semantics, pragmatics Syntax, Semantics, pragmatics
ST converted into completely language
free semantic representation
Functional/pragmatic linguistic categories
Clause Propositional Register

structure content features
Illocutionary Thematic Speech

force structure act
Translation process
analysis synthesis
NOTE Semantic stage

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the purpose Thematic style Illocutionary
intelligence exhibited by structure force
machines or software, and the
branch of computer science that
develops machines and
software. TL Syntactic synthesis
(compared to artificial intelligence)
2nd checks FSS Passed through

1 scans its FLS
st
To
(Frequent 3rd if no clause PARSER
(frequent lexis realize
structure store) structure in (syntactic
store) for suitable synthesizer) clauses
for FSS
lexical items of TL
appropriate
A WORD ON PARSING
PARSING OR SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS IS

THE PROCESS OF ANALYSING A
STRING OF SYMBOLS, EITHER IN
NATURAL LANGUAGE OR IN
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
DRAWBACKS OF ROGER BELL MODEL OF TRANSLATION
PROCESS
- HYPOTHETICAL
- NO EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
- ILLUSTRATIONS DECONTEXTUALIZED
MISCELLANEOUS
THINK ALOUD PROTOCOLS TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
(Krings 1986, Tirkkonen-Condit and (Translog software Jakobson and
Jaaskelainen 2000) Schou 1999, Hansen 2006)
1st Gather observational data for Records the key-strokes by

decision-making process translator on key board and eye-
trackers recording focus of the
eye (brain) on the text
2nd is translator asked to verbalize
his/her thought process
THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE

Studying Translation Peoduct and Process by Atiq, M. Phil Scholar University of Gujrat

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STUDYING TRANSLATION PEODUCT

- VINAY AND DARBELNET’s TAXONOMY

- CATFORD’s LINGUISTIC APPROACH WHICH

- IDENTIFIED DIFFERENT TRANSLATION STARTEGIES

- BASIS FOR FREANCH GERMAN TRANSLATION

Examples: Sammosa, hooka, sheesha

French ‘Compliment de la Saison’

Urdu Pushto English

ONE PART OF SPEECH ANOTHER PART OF SPEECH

SENSE REMAINS THE SAME

Upon hearing As soon as she got up ‘as soon as ‘upon

‘the time ‘the ‘It’s not difficult to

- Preferred - A good command of TL

Example: free modulation fixed expression

same situation / different stylistics,

- Pride hath a fall. - Ghuroor ka sar neechey hota hey.

SOURCE CULTURAL REFERNCE TARGET CULTURAL

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

CONNECTORS DEIXIS (pronouns / demonstratives)

- Non obligatory change

Examine ST text (descriptive /

Evaluate stylistic effects

ORIGIN OF TERM TRANSLATION SHIFTS

communicates Operates Different levels Ranks

phonology graphology grammar lexis

sentence clause group morpheme

FORMAL CORRESPONDENCE TEXTUAL EQUIVALENT

General system-based Particular tied to particular

LEVEL SHIFT CATEGORY SHIFT

- Grammar of one language = Lexis of another language

LEVEL SHIFT CATEGORY SHIFT

- HIS EXAMPLES ARE IDEALIZED (NOT TAKEN FROM

- Catford's definition of textual equivalence is 'circular'

- the concept of equivalence in translation is an illusion

Denotative Connotation Stylistic Syntax Sound

Operativity Subjectivity prominence

Iconicity Affectation Contrast

‘An example of the shifts of expression, applied to all

Literal vs free is the result of

‘adequacy of translation’ is faithfulness to the original’ and stylistic

Popovic ‘STYLISTIC EQUIVALENCE’ = functional equivalence of elements in

TRANSLATION SHIFTS COGNITIVE PROCESS

- Analyses and identifies of observations / analysis /

changes explanation of translator

- Limitation to tell about the - Roger Bell says that it focuses

actual process on description of process

Reading / Understanding De-verbalization Re-expression

- Deverbalization is underdeveloped theoretically

- If deverbalization occurs in non-verbal state in the

Receiver informative intention

Receiver derives adequate contextual effects

No unnecessary effort by receiver

Whether / how to communicate

Translator’s responsibilities Whether translate descriptively /

What degree of resemblance to ST

What is important for

Semantic Discourse Psycholinguistic

Modality Cohesion Transitivity

Clause Propositional Register

Illocutionary Thematic Speech

NOTE Semantic stage

2nd checks FSS Passed through

PARSING OR SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS IS