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Internal pressures
Internal pressures
• Wind pressure on a wall cladding or roof is always :
external wind pressure - internal pressure
• wind will affect internal pressure magnitude, except for fully sealed
buildings
• air flow into building increase in density of air within the volume
pi p0
• Dimensional analysis : C pi (t) F(π1 , π 2 , π 3 , π 4 , π 5 )
1
ρa U 2
2
1 = A3/2/Vo - where A is the area of the opening, and Vo is the internal volume
p0
π2 - where po is atmospheric (static) pressure
1
ρa U 2
2 (related to Mach Number)
3 = aUA1/2/ - where is the dynamic viscosity of air (Reynolds Number)
u
π4 (turbulence intensity)
U
le
Air ‘slug’
ρa A γp o A 2
ρ a Al e x 2 x x x A Δp e (t )
2k Vo
• ‘Stiffness’ term :
dpi γ -1
a constant. γρ i
dρ i
pi γ -1 γp i γp i ρ a Ax γp o Ax
p i γ
γρ i ρ i Δρ i
ρi ρi ρ i Vo Vo
Since i a , pi po
γp o A x 2
Resisting force = pi.A
Vo
Internal pressures
• ‘Damping’ term :
k = discharge coefficient
π
Theoretically k =
π 2
• Inertial term : Δp(t ).A ρa Al e x
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Cpi 1.0
Cpi 1.0
0.5 0.5
0 0
Small opening area - high damping Large opening area - low damping
- overshoot and oscillations
Internal pressures
N
1
ρa Q j 0 N is number of openings
where 2 pe pi
Q kA (modulus allows for flow from interior to exterior)
ρa
N
1
Aj pe, j pi 0
Can be used for mean internal pressures or peak pressures using quasi-steady
assumption. Need iterative solution when N is large.
Internal pressures
pi Q5
pe,3 Q3
Q1 Q2
pe,1 pe,2
outflows
inflows
Internal pressures
i.e. 2 openings :
AW p W pi A L pi pL
in terms of pressure coefficients,
A W C pW C pi A L C pi C pL
re-arranging, C pW C pL
C pi 2
2 Equation 6.16 in book
A A
1 L 1 W
AW AL
Internal pressures
Measurements
Equation (6.16)
0.8
0.4
Cpi
0
0 2 4 AW /AL 6 8 10
-0.4
ρ a Vo UA W A L [1 (K A /K B )]
τc C pW C pL
γkp o (A W A L )
2 2 3/2
2
σ¢u Su (n) 1 n dn
2
u¢/u
0.5
Low characteristic
0
frequency - most
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
turbulence
fluctuations do not nclu/U
appear as internal
pressures
Internal pressures
• Porous buildings :
John Holmes
225-405-3789 JHolmes@lsu.edu