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2 dp 2 2
Integration of Euler’s equation
1
VdV gdz 0
1 1
2
p1 V1 p2 V22
Bernoulli’s equation gz1 gz2
2 2
DW pADx p Dx P
A AV ,
Dt Dt Dt
p 1 DW
work done per unit mass flow rate
AV Dt
Energy Conservation (cont.)
2
p1 V1 p2 V22
z1 z2 , where g (energy per unit weigh t)
2g 2g
It is valid for incompressible fluids, steady flow along a streamline,
no energy loss due to friction, no heat transfer.
Examples: Determine the velocity and mass flow rate of efflux
from the circular hole (0.1 m dia.) at the bottom of the
1 water tank (at this instant). The tank is open to the
atmosphere
and H=4 m p1 = p2, V1=0
H
V2 2 g ( z1 z2 ) 2 gH
2 * 9.8 * 4 8.85 (m / s)
2
m AV 1000 * (0.1) 2 (8.85)
4
69.5 (kg / s)
Energy Equation(cont.)
Example: If the tank has a cross-sectional area of 1 m2, estimate
the time required to drain the tank to level 2.
1 First, choose the control volume as enclosed
by the dotted line. Specify h=h(t) as the water
h(t) level as a function of time.
dt Atan k 1
h( t ) 2
dh dh
0.0443 h , 0.0443dt, integrate
1 dt h
2.5e-007
0 h(t) = H 0.0215t, h 0, tdrain 93 sec.
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 t 100
time (sec.)
Energy conservation (cont.)
Energy added, hA
Generalized energy concept:
(ex. pump, compressor)
2
p1 V1
2 p2 V2
z1 z2
2g 2g
pump turbine
[ p ( p dp)](R 2 ) w (2R)dx,
w Pressure force balances frictional force
2
p P+dp dp w dx, integrate from 1 to 2
R
Dp p1 p2 F I F IF
4 w L I
2 2
LL V V
Darcy’s Equation:
hL
HK HKG
g D HJ
ff
K
DD 2 g2 g
F f
f I
w G J
F
V V
22
I where f is defined as frictional factor characterizing
H44 K
H 22 Kpressure loss due to pipe wall shear stress
When the pipe flow is laminar, it can be shown (not here) that
64 VD
f , by recognizing that Re , as Reynolds number
VD
64
Therefore, f , frictional factor is a function of the Reynolds number
Re
Similarly, for a turbulent flow, f = function of Reynolds number also
f F(Re). Another parameter that influences the friction is the surface
roughness as relativeto the pipe diameter .
D
F I
Such that f fFF Re,
H K
(Re, :) Pipe frictional factor is a function of pipe Reynolds
DD
number and the relative roughness of pipe.
This relation is sketched in the Moody diagram as shown in the following page.
The diagram shows f as a function of the Reynolds number (Re), with a series of
F I.
parametric curves related to the relative roughness
HD K
Energy Conservation (cont.)
Energy: E=U(internal thermal energy)+Emech (mechanical energy)
=U+KE(kinetic energy)+PE(potential energy)
Work: W=Wext(external work)+Wflow(flow work)
Heat: Q heat transfer via conduction, convection & radiation
dE=dQ-dW, dQ>0 net heat transfer in dE>0 energy increase and vice versa
dW>0, does positive work at the expense of decreasing energy, dE<0
Their difference is due to external heat transfer and work done on flow
Energy Conservation (cont.)
Heat in q=dQ/dt
2
p V p V2
min (u
gz )in m in (u gz)out
2 2