Analysis of Slang

Words Formation
Found in the Lyrics
of Drake’s Songs
I Putu Abdi Bhuwana
 I II III

Introduction Theoretical Empirical

Review Review

IV V VI
Research Discussion Closing
Methodology

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INTRODUCTION

Research Background, Scope of Study,

Research Question, Research Objectives,
Research Significance
 INTRODUCTION

Slang Slang Word

Music Novelty
Existence Formation
Product of the People believe that the The process of forming • Slang words
development of the new use of slang words in a slang word is the formation in Drake’s
words happening as a their literary work, such same as the process of songs.
creative expression as songs may attract changing form and • Synthesized theory
from people to make more attention of the meaning of the of Yule (2010),
the words more viewers formation of other Mattielo (2008), and
efficient and simpler to words in a language O’Grady, Aronoff, &
be uttered. (Fromkin et (word formation Dobrovolsky (1997)
all, 1974) process)

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Scope of Study Research Question
Analyzing types of slang words and 1. What kinds of slang words are
their words formation process found found in the lyrics of Drake’s
in the lyrics of Drake’s songs (God’s songs?
Plan, Nice for What, I’m Upset, Don’t 2. How are the word formation
Matter to Me, In My Feelings, processes of slang words found
Nonstop, and Mob ties) in the lyrics of Drake’s songs?

Research Objectives Research Significances

1. To find out the classification of 1. Theoretical Significances
slang words found in the lyrics of 2. Practical Significances (for
Drake’s songs? lecturer, student and other
2. To describe the word formation researcher)
processes of slang words found
in the lyrics of Drake’s songs?

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 Review of Related
Literature
Theoretical Review, Empirical Review, Research Model
 Types of Slang
Words

Hip Hop Song

Word Formation and Lyrics
Process and
Definition of Slang
Types Slang
Words
Formation

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 Word Formation Process

• The basic unit of language is word (McCarthy,

2002)
• Word formation is study of basic processes to
create new words (Yule, 2010)
• A word is formed by morpheme/s (Yule, 2010)
• The process of shaping words from morphemes
are called Word formation Process (Yule, 2010)
 Definition of Slang Word
• Slang is bad language usage and decay of language
(Anderson and Trudgill, 1990)
• Slang is special vocabulary used by any set of person of
low or disputable character (Howard,1984)
• Slang is a pure high conversation word and non-
standard word (Keraf, 1984)
• Slang personifies kind of social criticism (Mencken,
1936)
Slang words are non-standard words commonly found in
informal situation and are constrained to a particular
context or group
 Types of Slang Word
(Kipper and Chapman, 2007)

Primary Slang Secondary Slang

• Speech of • Speech of non
subculture subculture
members members (stylistic
(identification use) use)
 Types of Slang Word
(Allan and Burridge, 2006)
• Fresh and Creative (totally new vocabulary)
• Compounding/Flippant (made by two words and
not correlated with denotative meaning)
• Imitative (imitation/derived from standard English
words)
• Acronym (made by combining initials letters of words)
• Clipping (deletion of some parts of words )
 Types of Slang Word
(Partridge, 1970)
No Name Meaning
1 Cockney Slang Used by working class people in London
2 Public House Slang Used by public house group
3 Workmen’s Slang Used by laborers
4 Tradesmen’s Slang Used by tailors, butchers, chemist, builders
5 Slang in Art Used by artist
6 Slang in Publicity Used for publication/commerce
7 Society Slang Used by certain society
8 Slang of Commerce Used by businessmen
9 Slang in Public School Used by student
and University
10 Slang in Theatre Used by theatre artist
11 Medicine Slang Used by medical person
12 Slang in Church Used in church
13 Soldier’s Slang Used by army
 As the current study is
focusing on the words formation
process of slang, the theory of
Theory Used slang words types from Allan and

to Define Burridge (2006) is the only theory

that is very closely related to the

Ty p e s o f focus of the current study. Thus, in

order to answer the first research

S l a n g Wo r d s question regarding to
classification of slang words, the
the

theory from Allan and Burridge

(2006) will be used.

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 i. Acronym and
a. Compounding
a. Coinage initialism a. Compounding
b. Borrowing b. Prefixation
j. Blending b. Derivation
c. Compounding c. Suffixation
d. Blending k. Clipping c. Conversion
d. Final Combining
e. Clipping l. Elliptic Rhyming d. Clipping
forms
f. Backformation Slang e. Blends
g. Conversation e. Infixation
m. Reversed forms f. Back Formation
h. Acronym f. Conversion
i. Derivation n. Variation g. Acronyms
g. Back-formation
j. Prefixes and Suffixes o.Word h. Onomatopoeia
k. Infixes h. Reduplicatives
manufactures and i. Word Manufacture/ Coinage
l. Multiple process
fanciful formations

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 a word that undergo more than one
process
invention of totally new term Coinage Multiple e.g. Snowballed from
e.g. Aspirin
Process Snow + Ball = Snowball (compounding)
Snowball (V) + -ed) = Snowballed
(inflection)

adding an affix and has the

taking over of words from distinct meaning and category
Synthesized
other language Borrowing Theory Derivation from the base
e.g. wifi (English) e.g. Write (V) + -er
= Writer (N)

pseudo semifinals.
Final Repeated forms
e.g.
–holic ← alcoholic Combining Reduplic e.g. bye-bye
Chit-chat
as in Spendaholic
Forms atives Fuzzy-wuzzy

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 no longer used in their
complete form Elliptic Blendin combination of two separate forms to
e.g. Butcher’s from Butcher’s produce a single new term
hook (look)
Rhyming g e.g. breakfast + lunch = brunch
Slang

Reversing word
producing a single form word
e.g. Synthesized
live is the opposite of the
Reversed Theory Compoun by joining two separate words
e.g. ill + feel = illfeel
word evil Forms ding

Words
modifies the word base by
Variation Manufactu making ex nihilo (out of
varying (part of) spelling. nothing) words without
e.g.
res and morphological motivation
basketball ← bastard Fanciful e.g. Kodak
Formation
s
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 reduction of forms Clipping Infixes Adding infixes (affixes added in the middle
e.g. advertisement => ad of word)
e.g. fantastic + -bloody- = fun-bloody-tastic

specialized type of reducing

Synthesized Prefixes Adding prefixes or suffixes
process e.g. Backforma
Television (N) => Televise (V)
Theory and e.g. mis- + lead = mislead
tion
Suffixes

A change in the function of a

Conversio Acronym new words formed from the
word (without reduction) e.g. and initial letters of a set of other
Paper (N) in He’s papering n words
me. Paper (V) initialism e.g. NATO

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imitating the sound of the
thing that they name. Onomat
e.g. cock-a-doodle-doo opoeia

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 HIP-HOP Songs and Lyrics
• Song is a combination of music and lyrics
that possesses many intrinsic merits
(Shen, 2009)
• Hip-hop is a song genre that involves rap
(reciting words in rapid and rhythmical
manner over a prerecorded)
• Subject matters of hip-hop song are real-
life content, fictional content, controversial
content (Edwards, 2009)
 HIP-HOP Songs and Lyrics
• Subject matter are conveyed through
content tools (imagery, similes, metaphors,
analogies and slangs) (Edwards, 2009).
• Rapper uses slang words in order to make
the content more powerful as well as to
connect the song to particular time, place
or movement (Edwards, 2009).
 Empirical Review
No Title Theory Used Comparison with Current
Study
1 The investigation of slang word Different subject of study
words created and used formation (website vs song lyrics)
in 1CAK.com by Harared process by Different theory
(2018) Yule (2006)
2 Slang words used by word Different subject of study
Waria Slang Tulungagung formation (waria vs song lyrics)
by Nurhayati (2016) process by Different theory
Yule (2006)
3 Slang words found in word Different subject of study
novel “If You Know What formation (novel vs song lyrics)
Happened in MCI” by process by Different theory
Mandala (2018) Ridwan (2003)

4 Slang words found in The funtion of Different subject of study

movie “Step Up 2 The the use of (movie vs song lyrics)
Street” by Meinawati, slang by Different theory
Dewi, & Rachmawati Mattielo
 Empirical Review
No Title Theory Used Comparison with Current
Study
5 Slang words found in the types of Different subject of study
movie “Little Man” by Adi slangs using (movie vs song lyrics)
and Azmi (2018) Holmes’ Different theory
(1991)
reference of
social scales

6 An Analysis of Slang Word word formation Different subject of study

in Song Lyrics Eminem on process by (Eminem’s songs vs Drake’s)
Album Kamikaze Yule (2006) Different theory
conducted by Haspo &
Rosa (2018)
7 An Analysis of English characteristics Different subject of study
Slang Words Used in of slang by (Eminem’s songs vs Drake’s)
Eminem’s Rap Music done Abadi (2009) Different theory
by Evadewi & Jufrizal
(2018)
Descriptive Qualitative
Method
Document analysis from Bowen (2009) is adapted
and used in collecting the data where the lyrics of
Drake’s songs will be treated as a document.
According to Bowen (20019) document analysis can
be defined as a systematic procedure for reviewing or
evaluating documents—both printed and electronic
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(computer-based and Internet-transmitted) material.
Document analysis involves iterative process of
skimming (superficial examination), reading (thorough
examination), and interpretation (Bowen, 2009).
The data obtained will be analyzed using qualitative
data analysis by Miles and Huberman. (1994).
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RESEARCH DESIGN TECHNIQUE OF DATA COLLECTION

INSTRUMENT OF DATA
RESEARCH SUBJECT AND OBJECT
COLLECTION

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

RESEARCH PROCEDURE RESEARCH SCHEDULE

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Descriptive qualitative method is
used because it is analyzing the
data in the form of word
descriptively. The writer choose
descriptive qualitative to the
point out about discussing,
analyzing, and finding the slang
word in Drake songs
Songs sung by Drake namely;
“God's Plan", "Nice for What",
"I'm Upset", "Don't Matter to
Me", "In My Feelings",
"Nonstop" and "Mob Ties“ which
are from his album “Scorpion” in
form of transcript of the song
lyrics taken from online website:
https://genius.com.
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the slang words found in the
lyrics of Drake songs.
5 classifications of slang words
from Allan and Burridge (2006)
and 19 classifications of slang
words formation from Yule
(2010), Mattielo (2008) and
O'Grady, Aronoff, & Dobrovolsky
(1997) are used to identify the
classification of slang words as
well as their word formation
process found in the lyrics of
Drake’s songs.
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 Reading
(Scanning)

Classifying Identifying and

Marking

Note taking

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

First of all, the lyrics will be observed through scanning reading technique. After reading it the researcher will find the
non standard English words in the lyrics. The researcher will mark the words. After that the researcher will do note
taking towards the data found. In order to help the researcher to classify the data, table will be used as the instrument
to classify the slang words found.

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• Scanning reading is a reading process in
which the document is read rapidly and
repeatedly in order to find specific
information, which is in this case the non-
standard English words or slang words.
• Note taking is also used to collect the data
while scanning reading process on going in
order to note any lyrics that contain slang
words.
• The researcher = key instrument
• Web browser application = to access and
download the lyrics
• Field notes = to take a note during the
process of collecting data as well as
analyzing data
• Table = to help researcher classifying the
data found

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 The method of this study is a model of document analysis by Bowen (2003).
This document analysis treats the song lyrics as a document that will be interpreted to make a
meaning.
This study will also use Miles and Huberman (1994) qualitative data analysis that involve cyclic
process of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing.
The result from data collection will be analyzed using the theories of types of slang words and
slang words formation.
The data analyzed will be then tabulated and displayed in form of table.
To further show the word formation process of the data found, a description will be then provided.

DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

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 RESEARCH
Data Collection
PROCEDURES
I. Scanning
Reading Reading the lyrics of
Drake’s songs in details

The non-standard English

II. Identifying & words or slang words
Marking

The title of the songs

III. Note Taking where the slang words are
found
The slang words found

IV. Data Classifying the slang

Data Analysis words found by referring
Classification
to the theory of types of
slang words and slang
words formation

V. Describing Revealing the word

Conclusion Drawing
formation process of the
slang words found in the
song lyrics of Drake’s
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songs 29
RESEARCH SCHEDULE
No. Activity Months in 2019
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. Gathering Related Literature Review

2. Downloading the lyrics

3. Scanning reading the lyrics as well as

marking & identifying and note taking the
slang words found

4. Classifying and tabulating the slang words

found
5. Analysing and describing the word
formation process of slang words found

6. Presenting the finding of the study

 “When all is said and
done, more is always said
than done.”
– Drake
THANK YOU