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GREEN
HIGHWAYS
Under the guidance of: Mohd Tahir Ansari
Dr. S Shankar Roll no: 181718
Assistant Professor M.Tech (1st year)
Transportation Division Transportation Division
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
N.I.T Warangal N.I.T Warangal
 CONTENT
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• INTRODUCTION
• CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEN HIGHWAYS
• BENEFITS OBTAINED
• TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED
• BIORETENTION SWALES
INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATION
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIOSWALES
• POROUS PAVEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED
• OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
• A CASE STUDY ON FEASIBILITY OF POROUS PAVEMENTS
 INTRODUCTION
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 A green highway is a roadway

constructed per a relatively new
concept for roadway design that
integrates transportation
functionality and ecological
sustainability.

 An environmental approach is used

throughout the planning, design, and
the construction.

 The result is a highway that will

benefit transportation, the ecosystem,
urban growth, public health and
surrounding communities.
 CHARACTERISTICS 4

• Use recycled materials to eliminate waste and reduce the energy required to build the
highway.
• Maximize use of existing transportation infrastructure, providing multi-modal
transportation opportunities, and promoting ride-sharing/public transportation.
• Control populations of invasive species, and promoting the growth of native species.
• Use innovative, natural methods to reduce imperviousness, and cleanse all runoff within the
project area.
• Encourage smart growth by integrating and guiding future growth and capacity building
with ecological constraints.
• Reduce disruptions to ecological processes by promoting wildlife corridors and passages in
areas identified through wildlife conservation plans.
 BENEFITS 5

• Superior storm water management.

• Prevention of leaching of metals and toxins into streams and rivers.
• Protection of hydrology of wetlands and streams channels through restoration of
natural drainage paths.
• Reduction in landfill usage and fossil fuel usage as construction involves recycled
materials.
• Critical habitats and ecosystems are protected from the encroachment of highway
infrastructure.
• Reduced global warming potential and improved air quality.
• Calming effect and aesthetic value of plantings.
 TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED 6

BIORETENTION SWALES

POROUS PAVEMENTS

ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY CONCRETE

FOREST BUFFER

STREAM RESTORATION

WILDLIFE CROSSING

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
 BIORETENTION SWALES 7
A bioretention swale (or biofiltration trench) is a bioretention system that is located
within the base of a swale. Bio retention swales are shallow, vegetated, landscaped
depressions with sloped sides. They are designed to capture, treat and infiltrate
storm water runoff as it moves downstream. Swales are less expensive to build but
use more space for infiltration and conveyance than planters, and can handle low
to moderate flows of runoff.
 APPLICATIONS 8
• Swales are most applicable in lower density or lower traffic contexts, as they have relatively
large footprints and little or no vertical separation from the sidewalk and street.
• To provide a conveyance function.
• Removal of fine and coarse sediments.
• Efficient removal of hydrocarbons and other soluble or fine particulate contaminants from
biological uptake.
• Provide flow retardation for frequent (low ARI) rainfall events.
BIORETENTION SWALES 9
 IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATION
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• Bioretention swales can form attractive streetscapes and provide landscape features in an
urban development.

• Bioretention systems are well suited to a wide range of soil conditions including areas
affected by soil salinity and saline groundwater.

• Vegetation that grows in the filter media enhances its function by preventing erosion of the
filter medium, continuously breaking up the soil through plant growth to prevent clogging
of the system
 Bioretention
swales
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Stormwater Conveyance
treatment functions

pretreatment of removes finer

stormwater to remove Swale Bioretention particulates and
component system
coarse to medium associated
sediments contaminants
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A bioretention system can be installed in part of
a swale, or along the full length of a swale,
depending on treatment requirements.

These systems should be installed with slopes of

between 1 and 4 %.

Runoff can be directed into bioretention swales

either through direct surface runoff (e.g. with
flush kerbs) or from an outlet of a pipe system.
SECTION OF BIORETENTION SYSTEM
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Vegetation

Filter Transition
media layer

Drainage
layer
 VEGETATION
• Enhances its function by preventing erosion of the filter medium 14
• Continuously breaking up the soil through plant growth to prevent clogging of the
system or caking at the soil surface
• The type of vegetation varies depending on landscaping requirements.
• Generally, the denser and higher the vegetation the better the filtration process.
• Vegetation is critical to maintaining porosity of the filtration layer. Selection of an
appropriate filtration media is a key issue that involves balancing sufficient hydraulic
conductivity (ie. passing water through the filtration media as quickly as possible)
 SAND LAYER
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• The sand layer serves as a transition between the planting soil bed and the gravel layer and
underdrain pipes.
• It must have a minimum thickness of 6 inches and consist of clean medium aggregate
concrete sand (AASSHTO M-6/ASTM C-33).
• To ensure proper system operation, the sand layer must have a permeability rate at least
twice as fast as the design permeability rate of the planting soil bed.
 GRAVEL LAYER AND UNDERDRAIN
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• The gravel layer serves as bedding material and conveyance medium for the underdrain
pipes.
• It must have sufficient thickness to provide a minimum of 3 inches of gravel above and
below the pipes.
• It should consist of 0.5 to 1.5 inch clean broken stone or pea gravel (AASHTO M-43).
• Underdrain piping beneath the soil planting bed and sand layer must be perforated.
• The underdrain piping must connect to a downstream storm sewer manhole, catch basin,
channel, swale.
• The gravel layer and perforated underdrain piping must have a conveyance rate at least
twice as fast as the design permeability rate of the sand layer.
 DESIGN PROCEDURES
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1.
Minor and
major flood
estimation
Estimating
Designs
Flow
Maximum
infiltration
rate
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2.
Maximum
Selection of
length of
Mnning’s “n”
swale

Width of Slope
swale consideration
Swale
design
FURTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 19

Inlet details and design of direct entry points

Vegetation scour velocity check

Size perforated collection pipes

High flow route and overflow design

Soil media specification

Vegetation specification
POROUS PAVEMENTS 20
CROSS SECTION OF POROUS PAVEMENT
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 POROUS PAVEMENTS
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• Porous pavement is a paved surface with a higher than normal percentage of air voids to allow water to pass
through it and infiltrate into the subsoil.

• This porous surface replaces traditional pavement, allowing parking lot, driveway, and roadway runoff to
infiltrate directly into the soil and receive water quality treatment.

• All permeable paving systems consist of a durable, load-bearing, pervious surface overlying a stone bed that
stores rainwater before it infiltrates into the underlying soil.

• Permeable paving techniques include porous asphalt, pervious concrete, paving stones, and manufactured “grass
pavers” made of concrete or plastic.

• Permeable paving may be used for walkways, patios, plazas, driveways, parking stalls, and overflow parking
areas.
SOME TYPICAL EXAMPLES
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 ADVANTAGES 24
• Reduce stormwater runoff volume from paved surfaces.
• Reduce peak discharge rates.
• Increase recharge through infiltration.
• Reduce pollutant transport through direct infiltration.
• Can last for decades in cold climates if properly designed, installed, and maintained.
• Improved site landscaping benefits (grass pavers only).
• Can be used as a retrofit when parking lots are replaced.
 DISADVANTAGES 25

• Prone to clogging so aggressive maintenance with jet washing and vacuum

street sweepers is required.
• No winter sanding is allowed.
• Winter road salt and de-icer runoff concern near drinking water supplies for
both porous pavements and impervious pavements.
• Soils need to have a permeability of at least 0.17 inches per hour.
• Special care is needed to avoid compacting underlying parent soils.
 DESIGN APPROACHES
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full infiltration of soil subgrades have No infiltration,

rainfall into the soil low infiltration rates, permeable pavement
subgrade partial infiltration systems are enveloped
into the soil subgrade with a geo membrane
occurs and the that prevents detained
remaining water exits water from entering
via underdrains the soil subgrade and
the stored water exits
via underdrains
 DESIGN FEATURES
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• Overall site drainage, evaluating rainfall and water draining onto the pavement.
Site drainage

Contaminant • Reduces long term permeability of the pavement (tree leaves, sand , grass)
loading

• Top of subgrade should not be less than 0.6 m from seasonal high ground water level
Groundwater
depth

• Permeability (12 mm/hr), low permeable subgrade in high rainfall areas may require underdrains,
Subgrade pavement thickness over fine grained soil is more than coarse grained soil.
type

• Avoid using permeable pavements in high traffic areas subjected to buses and trucks
Traffic type

• Pavement surface, aggregate base and subbase, subgrade slope, pavement overflow, underdrains,
geotextile, geogrids and geomembranes
Other
features
 KEY CONSTRUCTION FEATURES 28
•Pre-construction site meeting, protecting pavement from damage and
Site Conditions contaminants during construction

•Subgrade should not be compacted to promote infiltration, but can cause

Subgrade preparation settlement and rutting under vehicular loading, balance infiltration and
compaction, subgrade to be prepared in dry season

•Non-woven fabric, placed vertically against the wall of excavated soil to

Geotextiles separate the permeable pavement from adjacent soil

•composed of polyvinyl chloride, ethylene propylene diene monomers or high

Geo membranes density polyethylene, used to vertically separate the open-graded base/subbase
from adjacent pavements and building structures.

• perforated drainage pipes may be used to convey stormwater away from the
Drainage features pavement for high flow rain events, drain inlets, curb cut-outs, and additional
subsurface piping may be designed

•should be installed in a trench along the lowest point of the permeable

Under drains pavement subgrade

• consist of a perforated plastic pipe placed vertically through the pavement and
Observation Wells anchored into the subgrade, installed to visually observe or measure the
elevation of standing water in the stone reservoir as well as drain down over time

•Base/ sub base aggregate layer compaction, expansive soils and fill conditions,
Other features contractor certification and experience
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Accommodate Check dam Geo membrane

tanks construction installation

Non perforated
Curb cut-out Compaction
outlet pipe
 OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
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Forest Buffer Stream restoration

Wildlife crossing
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Feasibility of Porous Pavement

A Case Study at Hatkeshwar

Area of Ahmedabad City
STUDY AREA
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 STUDY AREA
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• Hatkeshwar area of the Ahmedabad is one of the prime locations.
• The total population of Hatkeshwar area is about 92000 people (source: Hatkeshwar
zonal office).
• It is the most waterlogged area in Ahmedabad city during the high rainfall.
• Main spots in this area where the most water logging occurs are Hatkeshwar circle,
Radhikapark society, Rajesh park society, Karnavati society and Tripada society.
• Out of which Karnavati society is selected as the study area.
• The rainfall data of Hatkeshwar area from the Ahmedabad municipal corporation is
collected.
• The traffic volume count survey is carried out for the purpose of identifying the area
having low traffic volume.
• The traffic survey is conducted in the internal street road of the Hatkeshwar area in front
of Karnavati society.
DESIGN COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
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Rainfall
data of
the area

Traffic
volume
on the
road link

Soil quality of
the road
segment
ROAD PAVEMENT 35

(CTM cross road to

Karnavati banglows)

RAINFALL DATA
Data collected from
Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation Office
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Traffic Volume Survey

Maximum Dry Density

And
Optimum Moisture Content
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CBR Calculation

Cross Section of pavement for CBR 5.99%

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE POROUS PAVEMENT TYPES 38
 CONCLUSION
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• From the rainfall data it is concluded that the study area is most heavily rainfall area.
• Total average PCU/hr in the internal road of the study area is about 456 PCU/hr which is
shows that the area is low traffic volume.so the study area is applicable for the porous
pavement study.
• There are mainly three types of solution like porous concrete, porous asphalt and interlocking
concrete paver block for applicability of porous pavement. From the above table it is evident
that the porous cement concrete pavement is costly for the construction of per sq. m area, but
due to its long life it will be most cost effective because of its little or no maintenance
requirement.
• Porous asphalt concrete is cheaper at the time of construction out of all the options but there
is a very heavy maintenance cost applicable per year after monsoon.
• Interlocking paver block is most appropriate and reasonable solution as it does not required
maintenance every now and then as well as it is having a reusable capacity.
 REFERENCES 40

• https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-stormwater-guide/stormwater-elements/green-
stormwater-elements/bioretention-swale/

• https://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/sites/seagrant.oregonstate.edu/files/sgpubs/onlinepubs/g1
1002-lid-porous-pavement.pdf

• https://www.northamptonma.gov/DocumentCenter/View/2490/MA-DEP-Pourous-
Pavement-Guidance

• https://njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.1%20print.pdf

• https://www.derwentestuary.org.au/assets/Water_Sensitive_Urban_Design_Guidelines_04
_Chapter_4_Bioretention_swales.pdf
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