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Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect that causes a hole in the wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart. There are several types of VSD depending on the location of the hole. VSDs are usually caused by abnormal formation of the heart during fetal development. Untreated VSDs can cause lung and heart complications due to abnormal blood flow. Surgical repair is often needed to close large VSDs. Nursing care focuses on pre-and post-operative care and patient/family education about VSD management and signs of complications.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect that causes a hole in the wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart. There are several types of VSD depending on the location of the hole. VSDs are usually caused by abnormal formation of the heart during fetal development. Untreated VSDs can cause lung and heart complications due to abnormal blood flow. Surgical repair is often needed to close large VSDs. Nursing care focuses on pre-and post-operative care and patient/family education about VSD management and signs of complications.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect that causes a hole in the wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart. There are several types of VSD depending on the location of the hole. VSDs are usually caused by abnormal formation of the heart during fetal development. Untreated VSDs can cause lung and heart complications due to abnormal blood flow. Surgical repair is often needed to close large VSDs. Nursing care focuses on pre-and post-operative care and patient/family education about VSD management and signs of complications.
1/2017 OBJECTIVE Introduction of congenital heart defect Definition of ventricular septal defect (VSD) Type of ventricular septal defect Etiology (cause) of VSD Pathophysiology of VSD OBJECTIVE Manifestion clinical of VSD Investigation of VSD Management of VSD Nursing care plan & health educations INTRODUCTIONS CONGENITAL HEART DEFECT Congenital heart defects have been classified into several categories. It divided into acynotic and cynotic defects. Children with acynotic defect may develop cynocis CONGENITAL HEART DEFECT Children with cynotic defect may be pink and have more clinical signs of heart failure More than 35 types of congenital heart defect have been identified, and some patient have multiple defects CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS ACYNOTIC CYNOTIC
↑ Pulmonary Obstruction to ↓Pulmonary Mixed
blood flow blood flow blood flow blood flow from ventricles
Coartation of aorta Transposition of great
Aortic stenosis arteries Pulmonic stenosis Total anomalous pulmonary venous return Atrial septal defect Truncus arteriosus Ventricular septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus Tetralogy of Fallot Hypoplastic left heart Atrioventricular canal Tricuspid atresia syndrome VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT DESCRIPTION Abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles, (hole in the part of dividing wall - septum) classified according to location. Membranous (80%) or muscular DESCRIPTION VSD are frequently assosiated with other defect such as pulmonaric stenosis, transposition of the great vessels, ductus arterious, atrial defects and coarctation of the aorta. DESCRIPTION Many VSDs (20% - 60%) close spontaneously. (1st year of life in children having small or moderate defect) DESCRIPTION A ventricular septal defect allows oxygen-rich (red) blood to pass from the left ventricle, through the opening in the septum, and then mix with oxygen-poor (blue) blood in the right ventricle Common type of congenital heart defect (25%) There are basic types of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Conal septal VSD
Muscular VSD
The most common type of VSD
It is an opening in the muscular portion
of the lower section of the ventricular septum
Usually close spontaneously and do not
require surgery Perimembranous VSD
Opening in an area of the upper section
of the ventricular septum (membranous septum), located near the valves
Require surgery because most do not
close on their own Atrioventricular canal type VSD
Associated with atrioventricular canal
defect. This VSD located underneath the tricuspid and mitral valves Conal septal defect.
The rarest of VSD
It occurs in the ventricular septum just
below the pulmonary valve ETIOLOGY 8weeks of gestation (formation of the heart)
begins as a hollow tube
it partitions into two sides
creating a wall (septum)
the partitioning process are not complete
leaving an opening in the ventricular
septum
Ventricular septal defect
ETIOLOGY Genetic link Gene defects : chromosome abnormalities Environmental exposure Occur sporadically by chance with no clear cause PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Higher pressure within the left ventricles
Blood flow through the defect into the
pulmonary artery
Increased blood volume pumped into
the lungs
Increase pulmonary vascular
resistence Increased pressure in the in the right ventricle
Left to right shunting and pulmonary
resistent
Right atrium also enlarge
Incomplete right ventricular emptying
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Fatigue Sweating Rapid breathing Heavy breathing Congested breathing Disinterest in feeding or tiring while feeding Poor WT gain INVESTIGATIONS Auscaltion – heart murmur (basis of pitch, loudness and duration) Chest Xray – enlarged ECG or EKG – arrhythmias or dysrhythmias Echocardiogram – show the pattern of blood flow through the septal opening MANAGEMENT Surgical management • Palliative – pulmonary artery banding (placement of a band around the main pulmonary artery to decrease pulmonary blood flow ) – multiple muscular VSDs or complex anatomy Surgical management • Complete repair – o small defects are repaired with sutures o Larged defect : sewing a knitted Darcon patch over the opening require. o Cardiopulmonay bypass is used both procedures NonSurgical management • Catheter closure of muscular COMPLICATIONS Lung disease – extra blood passes through the pulmonary artery into the lungs causing higher than normal pressure in the lung’s blood vessel NURSING CARE PLAN Tanggungjawab jururawat sebelum pembedahan 1. Beri penerangan kepada ibubapa / penjaga berkaitan pembedahan yang akan dilakukan dengan bahasa yang mudah untuk mendapatkan kerjasama dan mengurangkan kebimbangan ibubapa. 2. Pastikan consent telah ditandatangani oleh ibu atau bapa pesakit selepas penerangan oleh doctor sebagai persetujuan pembedahan dan juga sebagai medicol legal 3. Puasakan pesakit sekurang – kurangnya 6 jam sebagai persediaan bowel dan untuk mengelak risiko aspiration pneumonia. 4. Berikan terapi Interavena seperti ½ saline dextrose 5% per body weight per hour atas arahan doktor untuk memgekalkan status hydration serta monitor intake output pesakit untuk mengenalpasti kesimbangan intake dan out put pesakit 5. Bantu doctor dalam pengambilan blood investigation seperti FBC, BUSE, PT/APPT sebagai baseline dan Group Cross Match (GXM) persedia jika berlaku pendarahan 6. Ambil vital sign seperti tekanan darah, pulse, respiratorion, SPO2 dan temperatue sebagai baseline dan mengesan sebarang keabnormalan 7. Lakukan persediaan pesakit untuk ke bilik pembedahan seperti menukar pampers, tukar gown bedah, dan tanggalkan barang – barang perhiasan jika ada untuk mengurangkan risiko infeksi 8. Berikan antibiotic prophylasis atas arahan doktor seperti IV cefuroxime 25mg/kg prior operation untuk mengurang risiko infeksi Tanggungjawab jururawat selepas pembedahan 1. Rehatkan pesakit dalam posisi lateral – supine dengan kepala mengiring ke sisi untuk mengelak aspirasi pneumonia (muntah) 2. Lakukan pemerhatian keatas pesakit dari segi - Keadaan am dengan memerhati keadaan pesakit, memek muka dan - Tanda vital untuk mengesan pendarahan seperti tekanan darah yang rendah, tachycardia, tachypnea untuk tindakan awal - Luka pembedahan : pemerhati juga pada luka pembedahan seperti ada pendarah atau dressing soaked untuk mengesan active bleeding 3. Pastikan keseimbangan cecair dan elektrolite diteruskan dengan memastikan patensi infusi interavena mengalir dengan baik, merekod intake Dan output pesakit 4. Kekalkan saluran pernafasan dengan memerhati corak pernafasan, posisi pesakit dalam posisi yang selesa jika bukan kontraindikasi dan lakukan sedutan kahak jika sekresi berlebihan untuk melancarkan salur pernafasan. Beri terapi oksigen jika perlu 5. Berikan pesakit patent controlled analgesia continuous setiap 2 jam hingga 6 jam untuk mengurangkan rasa sakit 6. Rancang perawatan untuk mengurangkan gangguan keatas pesakit bagi memastikan pesakit mendapat rehat secukupnya Pendidikan kesihatan penjagaan kanak – kanak congenital heart disease 1. Beri penerangan kepada ibubapa berkaitan penyakit menggunakan diagram, picture, model supaya ibubapa faham dengan jelas berkaitan proses penyakit 2. Galak ibubapa pesakit menyertai persatuan seperti Yayasan Jantung Malaysia untuk sokongan moral 3. Terangkan kepada ibubapa tentang sign and symptom of worsening clinical status seperti tanda – tanda heart failure (cynosis and hypercynotic spell) 2. Galak ibubapa pesakit menyertai persatuan seperti Yayasan Jantung Malaysia untuk sokongan moral 3. Terangkan kepada ibubapa tentang sign and symptom of worsening clinical status seperti tanda – tanda heart failure (cynosis and hypercynotic spell) supaya perawatan segera dapat dilakukan 5. Terangkan kepada ibubapa kepentingan pengambilan ubatan untuk mengelak risiko severe heart failure dan arrhytmias 6. Terangkan kepada ibubapa kepentingan pengambilan makan kaya zat nutrient seperti high calorie sebagai membekal tenaga dan high vitamin untuk meningkatkan daya pertahanan badan 7. Nasihat ibubapa elak membawa kanak – kanak ke tempat yang sesak dan hadkan pelawat untuk mengurangkan risiko infeksi kerana kanak – kanak CHD mempunyai daya imuniti yang rendah 8. Nasihat ibubapa melengkapkan suntikan immunisasi yang dijadualkan dan galakkan pegambilan suntikan immunisasi palizumab untuk mencegah respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) sebagai pelindungan tambahan badan 9. Terangkan kepada ibubapa berkaitan perkembangan kanak – kanak tersebut. Kanak – kanak yang serious heart disease berisiko untuk developmental delay 10.Beritahu ibubapa tentang kepentingan meneruskan temujanji dengan doktor untuk menilai perkembangan